Alexandru Florea Economic Development and Growth

Indicators of economic development: Labor productivity Weighted Machine tool industry in total industry Weighted Machine tool exports in total exports Weighted Brain drain in total export Weighted Employment in services Economic growth is represented by the evolution of specific economic indexes, with benefits for the social and economic life, in a specific time and area. The most known index for calculating the economic growth is the GAP/ capita. Types of economic growth Extensive economic growth- based on growing the GAP/capita by increasing the number of workers, arable lands etc.Consolidated economic growth: it would be realized at the global scale Zero economic growth: is happening when the economic indexes and the population of the country are increasing with the same percentage. The single way that a state can achieve economic development and growth is by using their economies to make investments. Economic development represents a qualitative process while economic growth is a quantitative one. However the processes of economic development and growth are produced simultaneous therefore they must be considered together. The first part of the analysis will provide an overall picture of Roman's economic performance.It will be presented the current economic development situation and its growth during the analyzed years. The second part of the analysis represents an econometric exercise which will provide the connection between GAP, Urban Population and Employment. At the end of the exercise it will 3 be possible to predict values of GAP depending on Urban Population and the level of employment. The third part of the analysis will provide information regarding the development lacks of Roman's economy. The fourth part of analysis refers to Romania market inefficiency.It will provide the most important issues about market failures in Romania. The fifth part of analysis includes the Development Policies. It will present the main targets to improve Roman's econom y for the next years. B. Analysis 1. Methodology For this analysis were chosen indexes from 5 areas: Romania, Bulgaria, Germany, France and European Union. Besides Romania, which is the main subject of the analysis, it was chosen Bulgaria like a state with similar economic situation. Germany and France were chosen because they represent two of the most developed country in Europe.In the same time they represent examples of how the economic situation should be in a developed country therefore Romania must achieve a close level to them in order to become a State with a developed economy. Nevertheless, all of them are member states of European union therefore all of them must converge to the same level, as result, it is absolutely necessary to include the European union indexes. First part of the analysis contains statistical results about the economic development and growth situation in Romania. The analyzed period refers to 1990-2013.For this part there were seed data series, with an nual frequency, from the official website of World Bank. Second part of the analysis is represented by a linear regression model. For analyzing the correlation between variables, were used data series (1991-2012), with annual frequency, from the official website of World Bank. The data refers only to Romania. The purpose of the exercise was to find the influence Of that urban population and employment have on GAP. The form of linear regression model is: AMPLE+?* POP 4 Where: BIB – Gross Domestic Product AMPLE -? Employment POP – the urban population percentageThe GAP was deflated referring to the year 2005 as the base year. Views was the soft used for testing and correcting the regression model. The intensity between the dependent variable and the independent variables was analyzed considering the correlation coefficient R The sign efficacy of linear correlation coefficients was tested using t-test Starting from the hypothesis: HO: the model is not valid and HI: the mo del is valid, the validity of the regression model was tested using the Fischer test.The model's significance was tested with: – Wald test for testing the regression coefficients F test for testing the significance of the correlation ratio. – graphic method, Durbin Watson test and Breach Godlier test for verifying the independence of the random errors. – White test for verifying the homosexuality. -Jarred-Berea test for verifying the normality hypothesis. Third part of the analysis contains statistical results about the development lacks in Romania. The analyzed period refers to 1990-2013.For this part there were used data series, with annual frequency, from the official website of World Bank. Fourth part of the analysis contains statistical results about the market inefficiency in Romania. The analyzed period refers to 1990-2013. For this part there were used data series, with annual frequency, from the official website of World Bank. Fifth part of the analysis presents the main targets of the current development policy. It represents a summary of the Romania â€Å"National Strategy for Development'. 5 Economic Development and Growth Of Romania 2.Used data Gross Domestic Product: According to Ryan Barnes: â€Å"The GAP is the predecessor of all macroeconomic indexes; as an aggregate measure of the total economic output of a country, GAP represents the total value of goods and services produced by the economy, in a specific period†. Frequency: annual Source of collected data: World Bank website Other changes: *only for the regression model: 1,000,000,000 Expressed in: US$ Inflation: Inflation is defined as a sustained increase in the general level of prices for goods and services. It is measured as an annual percentage increase.As inflation rises, every dollar you own buys a smaller percentage of a good or service. Frequency: annual Expressed in: percentage Urban population index According to National Statistic Office: â€Å"Urban population index refers to the number of people which live in urban areas† Other changes: *only for the regression model: 1 ,OHO Expressed in: percentage of the total population Employment index Employment index refers to the active population (15-64 years old) rate: the ratio between the active population and the total number of people with the same age. Other changes: *only for the regression model: AMPLE( 1)= AMPLE(O)* 1,000 Health Expenditure index Health expenditure refers to the sum of public and private health expenditure. It covers the provision of health services (preventive and curative), family planning activities, nutrition activities, and emergency aid assassinated for health but does not include provision of water and sanitation. It is calculated as the percentage of a nation's GAP. Frequency: annual Pupil-teacher index Pupil-teacher ratio: the number of pupils enrolled in primary school divided by the number of primary school teachers.Expressed in: absolute num ber Public spending on education index Public expenditure on education as % of GAP is the total public expenditure (current and capital) on education expressed as a percentage of the Gross Domestic Product (GAP) in a given year. Public expenditure on education includes government spending on educational institutions (both public and private), education administration, and transfers/subsidies for private entities (students/households and other private entities) 7 3.Literature review About Roman's Economy According to the Constitution of 1991, Economy of Romania is an economy based on supply and demand rule therefore it means that the state must ensure the freedom of trade and the fair competition. In 1 939 the most important branches of industry were the oil and natural gas industries. 6. 24 million tons of oil was produced in Romania in 1939 and the total exports of oil valued 56 million dollars. Furthermore, with a production slightly lower than Germany, Romania had a very good sit uation in terms of grain.However salt and tobacco had also an important role for Roman's economy during this period. Even if it was of poor quality, tobacco was the main source of income for the people from the Danube Plain. After more than four decades, at the end of 1 989, economy of Romania had the basic communist economy, in all branches of industry' it was a state cooperative monopoly. Price, credits, salaries, the interest rate were directed y the â€Å"single national plan† without reflecting the supply and demand needs. On 21st of December 1 989 Romania had no external debt, the external debt was fully paid by the end of February 1989.

The Insider Secret on Custom Term Paper Reviews Uncovered

The Insider Secret on Custom Term Paper Reviews Uncovered The customized writing can get easy undertaking for those students who would like to do writings in an excellent way. The aim of creating the students do the custom made writing is to make them learn unique topics and clarify their concepts so they may discover that it's simple for them to memorize their topics. The writers in the custom writing company ought to be able to compose several types of academic papers. Several of the websites selling custom term papers supply a few paragraphs of the essays on the site, so that students will find an idea what they're paying for. Our custom writing company is just one of the companies online that's able to supply quality write my term paper services that are authentic and inexpensive. If you would like to obtain a finished paper at an affordable price, you're in the area you want! Poor choices in regards to selecting a custom writing service online. Furthermore, the custom writing company ought to be in a position to provide custom writing services at the appropriate price. Custom Term Paper Reviews Our tips and comparative reviews can help you seek the services of the very best paper writers. Between the authors claim that it isn't prominent. Order with us and get your paper done at the very best level! So you're too only human. Pick the absolute best and make sure of the items actually which you're using. Like every company which provides superior papers reviews first of all we will request that you fill the purchase form. The New Fuss About Custom Term Paper Reviews There are dozens and dozens of companies available which provide custom term papers for lazy students who have enough money to cover them. Consequently, your papers won't be original as the exact copies will be available to many students. Term papers are usually intended to. Term papers writing are actually a way to learn about a specific subject better by working on its pr ecise wing. Our term paper writing service makes it possible for customers to pick the writer they need to work with based on their abilities and assignment requirements. It is also simpler to compare the write my term paper services offered by the various writing companies online. It's possible to directly contact customer support or the writer if you require the status of your purchase. Possessing real customer service is the thing that makes a difference to me. You know the difference between a customized term paper and any other sort of academic assignments also. Paper appears dubious for a customized term custom in finance term don't have any plots and essay the exact same way as having term plots in technical customized term papers. Along with the kind of paper, the amount of the paper will also determine the topic you select and the quantity of research you conduct. On our pages, you'll most definitely locate every part of information and best custom term paper writ ing service reviews you might be considering. The Secret to Custom Term Paper Reviews Our custom writing service won't ever send you plagiarized papers as it'll be illegal. Since you may have already guessed, it isn't that easy to discover an affordable customized term paper writing service out there. You could also go for expert customized term paper writing service that will get you satisfied. Our customized paper writing service delivers all sorts of custom writings for students. One other important part is that all of the notes taken must be authentic. If you truly don't have the opportunity to complete your paper in time, talk to the professor. So work based on the time you've got. Begin with their preparation before time if you're able to, because research might be a more time consuming task than you anticipated. Based on who've you chosen to compose your papers, they're also able to give your essay or paper needs in a fast time period. You're assured your paper is completed punctually, customized, properly formatted, nor contain a single plagiarized sentence. The paper is written around the outline in the very first draft indicating in the very first part, the aim of the paper. However long and complicated your paper might be, we make all feasible efforts to deliver your paper punctually. Every academic and non-academic paper is simple for them. Whether you've got three term papers. The prices should motivate students from various backgrounds to get academic papers from the corporation. When you're prepared to order an academic paper, it's time to choose which company that you wish to employ. It's possible to use any of them and they're never used together. The customer support is available to each student 24 hours per day, 7 days per week and 365 days per year. New Step by Step Roadmap for Custom Term Paper Reviews There's, clearly, a limit on the variety of pages even our finest writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but generally, we figure out how to satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. If you're writing out your paper for the very first time, make certain that you determine precise means of its undertaking. The major body of the customized term paper involves the precise means of creating the thesis statement with relevant explanati ons, analytical ideas and quotes from external sources. The topic shouldn't be something which every second person would elect for. The Lost Secret of Custom Term Paper Reviews It's vital that you will commence with any perform once possible. If you get Custom Term Papers at our website, the price is right! Subject Selection The very first thing that is essential in starting your Term Papers is selecting your subject of interest. Custom Term Paper Reviews - Is it a Scam? When you purchase term papers at experienced custom writing service, you can be guaranteed to find the help that's well worth every penny. Even if paper did not choose to resort to professional support and are simply surfing the web for information regarding custom writing services, you're definitely in the expression place. Tons of custom term paper writing services are available online. Not all research paper writing services are the very same, however, therefore it's important you don't simply pick the very first custom writing service firm that appears on top of your Google search query.

Case Study Royal Dutch Shell - 1003 Words

Esther Henchmen is a PhD student at EASED Business School – Universi dad de Ramon Lull, Barcelona. She has participated in non-governmental organizations including UNICEF, World Bank and Oxfam Intermon. This has led her in expertise about development management and human rights. Dealing with issues such as the involvement of corporations in major environmental disasters such the oil spill that occurred in Niger delta by shell. Her title â€Å"Royal Dutch Shell in Nigeria: Where Do Responsibilities End?† explains the problem of fractured responsibility coupled with harm produced by collective action. Her journal focuses on the cause, integrity and reputation of the perpetrators involved in the ongoing Niger Delta oil spill. She discusses the dispute over the corporate social responsibility, malpractices and legal preceding of its operating licensure. Since corporations are artificial persons in the law, it is difficult to isolate perpetrators based on causality in fact i t’s not realistic, so they could be sued for failing to meet standard of care. It is estimated that more than 2 million barrels of oil a day are extracted in the Niger delta, making Nigeria the biggest West Africa’s producer of petroleum. Its first operations begun in 1950s and were carried out by multinational corporations. The biggest gas flaring company was Shell Petroleum Development company of Nigeria Ltd, of which many of its shareholders were the Royal Dutch from Britain. Despite of legal regulationShow MoreRelatedManagement and Leadership- A case study of Royal Dutch Shell1410 Words   |  6 Pages Research Paper 3: Leadership and Management: A case study of Royal Dutch Shell Submitted Management and Leadership MGMT 704 - 102 October 15th, 2013. Introduction A change in a company’s leadership can trigger a shift in strategy and is usually followed by periods of convergence. The convergence periods are characterized by small incremental changes which have both advantages and disadvantages. A company leader with high social intelligence can leverage on the advantages of the convergenceRead MoreSi Report Case Study Royal Dutch Shell2804 Words   |  12 PagesROYAL DUTCH SHELL Royal Dutch Shell (Shell) is a worldwide group of oil, gas and petrochemical companies that explores for, produces and trades in a range of energy resources. Royal Dutch Shell also has a broad portfolio of hydrogen, biofuels, wind and solar power interests, and also provides consultancy and technical services as well as research and development expertise to the energy industry. Royal Dutch Shell is active in more than 130 countries and territories, and employs 108,000 people worldwideRead MoreSi Report Case Study Royal Dutch Shell2794 Words   |  12 PagesROYAL DUTCH SHELL Royal Dutch Shell (Shell) is a worldwide group of oil, gas and petrochemical companies that explores for, produces and trades in a range of energy resources. Royal Dutch Shell also has a broad portfolio of hydrogen, biofuels, wind and solar power interests, and also provides consultancy and technical services as well as research and development expertise to the energy industry. Royal Dutch Shell is active in more than 130 countries and territories, and employs 108,000 people worldwideRead MoreRoyal Dutch Shell Case Study Essay examples684 Words   |  3 PagesRoyal Dutch Shell in Nigeria 1. Does Shell bear some responsibility for the problems in the Ogoni region of Nigeria? I believe Shell is somewhat responsible for the problems. They seem to be taking advantage of a lower classed and less advanced country and its natural resources. If they had practiced better corporate responsibility then things would not have escalated as much. 2. What steps might Shell have taken to nip some of the protests against it in the butt, or even preemptRead MorePaper581 Words   |  3 Pagesstructure of Royal Dutch/Shell Group. Does it differ from the equity listings of other companies that you know? These equity listings are different from companies such as BP and Exxon. All subsidiary companies’ shares were held by the Group Holding Companies in the ratio of 60/40 (Royal Dutch/Shell). The corporate structure is outlined in the figure below. Individuals and Institutions Individuals and Institutions Royal Dutch Petroleum Company Netherlands 60% The â€Å"Shell† Transport andRead MoreRoyal Dutch and Shell1212 Words   |  5 PagesBackground. Royal Dutch Shell Group is one of the world’s largest oil corporations and one of the largest companies in Europe. The company was created as a result of a merge between Netherlands’ Royal Dutch and UK’s Shell Corporation. The case looks at the issue of price differentials between several equity listings in different markets from the perspective of investors seeking an arbitrage opportunity. Royal Dutch trades more actively in the Netherlands and U.S. markets, whereas Shell trades moreRead MoreSWOT Analysis of Shell in Nigeria1364 Words   |  5 PagesOverview of Shell and Operations - Shell is a group of energy and petrochemicals companies, which are operating in more than 140 countries and territories. The Royal Dutch/Shell Group, commonly know as Shell, is an amalgam of over 1,700 companies all over the world. 60% of the Group is owned by Royal Dutch o f the Netherlands, and 40% is owned by the Shell Transport and Trading Group of Great Britain. These two companies have worked together since 1903. Shell includes companies like Shell PetroleumRead MoreOil Production Of Nigeria s Niger Essay1300 Words   |  6 Pagespolluted fish ponds and declining growth of crops in Niger communities. Shell has personally financed Nigerian militants to insure the production of oil, and this has led to brutal murders and illegal executions of community members who tried to protest the damages that shell was creating to their environment. So why and how is Shell still operating and still committing human right crimes in Nigeria? This paper will explain why Shell has dominated Nigeria since the 1950s, how the company has damaged theRead MoreShell Case Study838 Words   |  4 PagesThe Case Study on â€Å"Organizational change at Royal Dutch/Shell† This case study on â€Å"Organizational Change at Royal Dutch/Shell† deals with the organizational change that the world’s largest non-state-owned oil company made to respond its operating environmental changes in 1990s (Hill, C 2005, pp. 476-477) While there are a few different structures of global organizations such as worldwide area structure, worldwide product divisional structure and global matrix structure, the Anglo-Dutch companyRead MoreRoyal Dutch/Shell, Acquisitions, and Globalization3225 Words   |  13 PagesRoyal Dutch/Shell, Acquisitions and Globalization Question 1: Royal Dutch/Shell Group operates on a global basis, and is well known for continuously striving to look beyond horizons. Using examples from the case study, critically examine the main arguments for and against globalization in the global mining and metals industry in terms of: (a) The threat of new entrants and substitutes in emerging markets, and The oil and natural gas industries are inherently global in nature. This is likewise

New Research Small Businesses Strife At Show Facebook...

New Research: Small Businesses Strife to Show Facebook ROI Are you also using the social media giant â€Å"Facebook† for getting customers and potential leads for your small business? Or Are you facing problem in measuring the return on investment of your social media marketing efforts? Instead of lack of strong proof of sales, small businesses are certainly devoting their valued time and hard-earned dollars to Facebook marketing. In this post, you will come across certain finding which was found in the recent studies and surveys which were completely focused on Facebook marketing. #1: Many Start-Ups and Small Businesses Can t See a Good ROI From Their Social Media Marketing Efforts During April 2015, a survey was done on around 540 small business owners to know about their insights on the social media marketing (ROI). Approx. 59% of them stated that they haven t seen ROI from their social media efforts. And the remaining 41% agreed that they have seen returns on their social media activities, however, 17 percent of them had received less than $100, and 57 percent had gained lesser than $1,000 for their budget and efforts. Around 1/3rd of that 41 percent said that out-earning their social media marketing expend by more than $2,000. In the other survey of 3,720 marketers, only 45% of them reported that their Facebook marketing is effective in reaping ROI. The survey also revealed that only 33 percent of the self-employed stated that their Facebook marketing efforts areShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:Read MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesAffirmative Action Plans 59 Demonstrating Comprehension: Questions for Review 80 Key Terms 80 81 HRM Workshop Linking Concepts to Practice: Discussion Questions 81 Developing Diagnostic and Analytical Skills 81 Case Application 3-A: Diversity Is the New Color This Year 81 Case Application 3-B: When Oversight Fails 81 Working with a Team: What’s Your Perception? 82 Learning an HRM Skill: Investigating a Harassment Complaint 82 Enhancing Your Communication Skills 83 DID YOU KNOW?: Suggestions for

Present Value Free Essays

Selling price The selling price would equal to the sum of the potential profits realizable by the purchased asset. In order to present a proper amount with respect to the time value and including the market risk and risk premium, the profits have to be discounted to the present value using the appropriate discount rate. The sum of the discounted cash flows for the next two years of the asset’s useful life is $299,021. We will write a custom essay sample on Present Value or any similar topic only for you Order Now 75. The same number represents a fair price for purchasing the asset, as it includes potential benefits realizable by the investment, as well as accounts for the possible risks on the basis of the fixed discount rate. Price adjustment under higher rates and inflation The higher inflation rate would require the appropriate price markup. Market interest rates as well as the risk rates are higher under the growing inflation. Therefore, the price of the asset will be increased, by marking the adjusting the dollar value using the appropriate inflation rate. Location If the asset would be located in the area with unstable governmental and economic situation, it would cost less. The unexpected and sharp market prices fluctuations could alter the projected profit margins. The implementation of long-term contracts would be under a threat. However, with only two years of potential profits, the latter argument does not represent the most critical issue in determining the price level. The risks associated with the potential benefits are significantly higher than in the case of operating in a stable economy. Consequently, the asset would lose some of its value, and its selling price would be lower. Bonds The goal of the firm is to maximize present shareholder value. This goal implies that projects should be undertaken that result in the positive net present value, that is the present value of the expected cash inflow less the present value of the required capital expenditures. Using net present value as a measure, capital budgeting involves selecting those projects that increase the value of the firm because they have a positive NPV. The timing and growth rate of the incoming cash flow is important only to the extent of its impact on NPV. The increase in the net present value means the decrease in the discount rate. This data can be observed in the financial plan section, using cash flows, where the present value of a cash flow stream is equal to the sum of the present values of the individual cash flows. Moreover, in determination of the net present value cost of capital percentage can be used. The cost of capital for any investment is the rate of return capital providers would expect to receive if they would invest their capital elsewhere (opportunity cost).  The annual financial reports for the two companies suggest at a first glance that Cisco systems would be a more sound investment, as it represents a more favourable income statement balance. General Motors Company shows very low profits for the last periods, however its profit margins are steadily growing. A significant loss, which negatively affects the current credit rating of the company, is realized in prior periods due to discontinuing operations and losses on requisitions. However, the company’s liquidity shows a close to industry’s median value. General Motors shows a more confident overall stability of business operation, while Cisco system greatly depends on innovation and research and development, which is associated with greater costs and bigger risk involved. However, the business indicates less dependency on fixed costs, which allows to attain not only technological or innovative advantage on the market, but also to win better trading bargains offering more favourable prices to customers. The business operations of Cisco largely depend on the appropriate timing and immediate reaction.Cisco should have a higher discount rate than General Motors, because it requires a more profound analysis for determining the potential performance of the company. The higher risks associated with the investment should be accordingly accounted for including the calculation of the market rate and the risk premium. General Motors offers lower returns but higher stability, which means less risk. Making a long term investment in bonds with the same pay rate would be more sound and reasonable for General Motors Company, as it provides a less risky opportunity of return. However, its benefits are limited compared to the potential suggested by the Cisco systems co mpany. How to cite Present Value, Essay examples

Case Study Taxation - Theory - Practice & Law Australia †Free Solution

Question: Describe about the taxation, theory, practice law. Answer: Case Study 1 Issue Based on the Kits case information, the central issue is to ascertain if for the given assessment year, Kit is indeed a tax resident of Australia. A secondary concern is to opine on the tax implications of the income that Kit earns from various sources. Rule Determination of tax residency is pivotal since the taxation treatment extended to Australian tax resident and foreign tax resident is significantly different in terms of sources of income taxable and also the extent of deductions that may be available. The statute of importance for ascertaining tax residency is Section 6(1) ITAA, 1936 while the tax ruling TR 98/17 highlights the various tests that may be applied based on the given circumstance so as to opine on the tax residency of any given taxpayer (Sadiq et. al., 2015). The brief description of the applicable tests for tax residency determination is done below (ATO, 1998). 1.Domicile Test In order to satisfy this test, it is imperative that the taxpayer under consideration must adhere to two conditions at the time of assessment (Gilders et. al., 2015). The possession of Australian domicile by the taxpayer when the actual assessment of performed. This must be in congruence with the prescribed statute in this regard which is Domicile Act, 1982. Australian located permanent abode of the given taxpayer at the time of assessment. In case of permanent abode located elsewhere, then the test will not be complied with. It is vital that both the listed conditions must be adhered to by any given taxpayer for the Australian tax residency assess. The check for ascertaining domicile is easy to perform but this cannot be said for indicating the location of permanent abode where usually a host of factors are to be considered as has been highlighted in the ruling of IT 2650 (ATO, 1991). 2. Residency Test Reside as a word does not find any mention or explanation in any particular statute especially where it is expected. Thus, the not much information of the residency test is found in the statute book and considerable reliance is displayed on the verdicts of the useful court cases along with different tax rulings. These tend to earmark the pivotal factors that are considered useful to conduct tax residency through this test. The factors of significance that have been identified are as below (Deutsch et, al., 2015). The relative intensity of personal ties including social relationships that a taxpayer exhibits in Australia and also the country of origin. The relative intensity of professional ties including social relationships that a taxpayer exhibits in Australia and also the country of origin. Citizenship that the taxpayer possesses. 3. Superannuation Test This test tend to opine on the tax residency of a taxpayer by assessing if the concerned person make regular contribution to either the Public Sector Superannuation Scheme or Commonwealth Superannuation Scheme. But, the test has limited usage since it can only serve the determination of tax residency of those officers that are currently on foreign soil and have been placed there by the government as their representative (Sadiq et. al, 2015). 4. 183-day test The passing of the given test requires the taxpayer two conditions that may have to be satisfied by any given taxpayer. These are elaborated as shown below (Gilders et.al., 2015). Minimum period of 183 days need to be spent on Australian soil in the current assessment period. Taxpayers intent with regards to settling down in Australia in the near future. For the attainment of residency as per this test, it is required that the given taxpayer must satisfy each of the aforesaid condition. Application The above tests can be applied to the situation described in the case as follows. Domicile test This test has relevance as Kit is a PR of Australia but for employment purposes tends to stay out of the country. As per the information provided, it may be concluded that both conditions are satisfied. By virtue of being the Australian permanent resident, Kit would also have the domicile of Australia. Kits Australia house serves as the permanent residence since after his moving out the family continues their stay. Also, there is no plan on part of Kit or his wife to move to either Indonesia or Chile on a temporary or permanent basis. Besides, there are frequent visits from Kits side to Australia backed by the vacation schedule at the job. Residency test Even though Kit has an Australian PR but the country of origin is Chile and Kit still has the citizenship of Chile. However, in comparison to Chile or Indonesia, Kits personal and professional engagements are more intense with Australia. On the personal front, Kits family stays in Australia and besides professionally also his salary is credited in Australian bank with the employment contract also been executed on Australian soil. Considering the various factors, it may be apparent that tax residency is that of Australia. Superannuation test This test does not apply for the given scenario as Kit does not represent an officer who has been living in abroad due to governments duty. 183 day test In Kits residency case, 183 day test is not much relevant as Kit did not stay for minimum of 183 days in the tax year under consideration. Thus, on basis of the discussion above, it may be concluded that Kit has a tax residency of Australia which is derived from namely two tests i.e. Domicile Test and Residency Test. As Kits Australia residency is confirmed, thus assessable income for him would be derived from not only income sources from Australia but also income sources from abroad. There are two main source of foreign income namely the salary Kit is deriving from working in rig off the Indonesian coast and also the dividend income of shares in Chile which also comprises income. The above treatment is as per Section 6(5) ITAA 1997. Also, there is a possibility of the shares being liquidated at higher prices and the gains made on such trade which would be subject to CGT (Barkoczy, 2015). Case Study 2 The following cases deal with land sales under various circumstances and the resultant tax treatment is accorded in line with the relevant provisions of tax legislations. In cases where the receipts are capital, capital gains may be charged, however since the ownership of the asset is prior to September 30, 1985, capital gains will not charge (Sadiq et. al., 2015). 1) Californian Copper Syndicate Ltd v Harris (Surveyor of Taxes) (1904) 5 TC 159 The taxpayer engaged in acquisition of land which has copper mines and later sold the same and thereby assumed stake in some corporate entity. The company advocated that the transaction involved the shift from one capital asset to the other and thereby did not produce any assessable gains. However, the court was not satisfied with the above explanation and reflected that ordinary income would be produced since the initial purchase of mine was driven was profit motive since only at that time, the company had plans for liquidation of mines going ahead (Sadiq et. al, 2015). 2) Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T (1950) 81 CLR 188 The taxpayer (i.e. mining company) purchased a coal mine with mining intention and thus indulged in same for some years. But, after five decades had elapsed, the company with profit intention indulged into land subdivision as there had been considerable increase in the land value. The gains derived from the above activity were recorded as ordinary income by the court due to the fact that profit making drove subdivision. In this case, if the coal mine was liquidated and no construction activity had been commenced, then the proceeds would have been capital and non-taxable (Barkoczy, 2015). 3) FC of T v Whitfords Beach Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLR- Whitfords Beach Pty Ltd i.e the company acting in the capacity as the taxpayer bought a parcel of land with the aim of enhancing the fishing business. However, at a later time, the earlier purchased land was subdivided for maximisation of profit. The gains thus extracted were termed as ordinary income by the court due to the presence of profit making desire. Further, the court was of the opinion that land development was enabled when company engaged in subdivision and hence the gains are ordinary (Duetsch et. al, 2015). 4) Statham Anor v FC of T 89 ATC 4070 The given case involves asset realisation primarily because the taxpayer in the given case who happens to be a farmer brings about the land sale for leading up to supplement income and hence be able to meet his varied expenses. The court reached the verdict that on account of lack of intention of profit, the gains cannot be taxed but primarily would lead to capital gains which would not be taxed (Sadiq et. al, 2015). 5) Casimaty v FC of T 97 ATC 5135 Casimaty obtains a land in the form of gift from his father with the intention to conduct farming. However, he had to indulge into distress sales of two-third land brought about liquidity crisis and also deteriorating health. However, for liquidation purposes, subdivision was done but before that construction activities such as provisions for utilities were also carried out. The court opined that the land sale was done in emergency only and thus would not lead to ordinary receipts but only capital receipts subject to CGT (Gilders et. al., 2015). 6) Moana Sand Pty Ltd v FC of T 88 ATC 4897 The company i.e. Moana Sand Pty Ltd acquired a piece of land for mining of sand and for doing so got all the clearances from the requisite government authorities. However, once the commercial deposits of sand was not feasible, the company in order to maximise their provided did land subdivision and subsequently liquidated the plots and in the process made huge gains. The profit intention acting as the motivator for subdivision implies that the income is ordinary and thus would add to the overall taxable income (Gidlers et. al, 2015). 7) Crow v FC of T 88 ATC 4620 The above mentioned taxpayer entered into buying of land for conducting farming but for this, he had to seek financial help from lenders. However, with some time passage, it was realised on the end of the farmer that the idea to maximise the profit was liquidation of land after subdivision. The taxpayer with the intention of realising these indulged into land subdivision and thereof succeeded in profit realisation. The profit intention acting as the motivator for subdivision implies that the income is ordinary and thus would add to the overall taxable income (Duetsch et. al, 2015). 8) McCurry Anor v FC of T 98 ATC 4487- The above taxpayer acquired an old dilapidated house so as to demolish it and instead constructed three townhouses in its place. The taxpayer put them to sale and even resorted to advertisement but still the sale of these townhouses was elusive due to a difficult market. Due to this, the taxpayer started residing in two of these townhouses. However, during the next twelve months, all the townhouses were sold for abundant gains. The profit intention acting as the motivator for construction of the townhouses implies that the income is ordinary and thus would add to the overall taxable income (Bakoczy, 2015). References Barkoczy,S 2015.Foundation of Taxation Law 2015,7th edn, CCH Publications, North Ryde Deutsch, R, Freizer, M, Fullerton, I, Hanley, P, Snape, T 2015. Australian tax handbook, 8th edn, Thomson Reuters, Pymont Gilders, F, Taylor, J, Walpole, M, Burton, M. Ciro, T 2015. Understanding taxation law 2015, 8th edn, LexisNexis/Butterworths. Sadiq, K, Coleman, C, Hanegbi, R, Jogarajan, S, Krever, R, Obst, W, and Ting, A 2015,Principles of Taxation Law 2015,8th edn, Thomson Reuters, Pymont.

The Differences between Buddhist Music in Japan Essay Example

The Differences between Buddhist Music in Japan Essay Aragua The Differences between Buddhist Music in Japan, China and Tibet The Differences between Buddhist Music in Japan, China and Tibet The whole purpose of religion is to facilitate love and compassion, patience, tolerance, humility, forgiveness. -Dalai Lama Music plays an important role in religion, significantly influencing the worship practices of individuals who follow these faiths. As the music of a certain faith is influenced by the culture of a place, the music of certain peoples and places are influenced by the music of important religions that become deeply embedded in the culture. In this way, musical styles develop that are both religious and cultural, and are a reflection of both. This music is held in high regard by the people of these religions and cultures because it is the music that represents those aspects of life that are most precious. Culturally, music is a source of nationalist pride and unity for a group of people. We will write a custom essay sample on The Differences between Buddhist Music in Japan specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Differences between Buddhist Music in Japan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Differences between Buddhist Music in Japan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Religiously, music reflects how followers worship their respective deities. In the Buddhist practice, music and chants are used for meditation across the global span of the religion. However, different forms of music and chants are used in a variety of ways throughout religious practices. The music and different forms of chants in the Buddhist religion affect Buddhist practices, and are also influenced by the religion and the different locations around the world in which Buddhism is practiced. Japan, China, and Tibet have the highest concentration of Buddhists and Buddhism is an integral part of the culture in these nations. In addition to Buddhism being reflected clearly in the cultures of Japan, China, and Tibet, each of these nations also has their own forms of prayer expressed through raying musical styles. In order to further investigate the styles and forms of Buddhist music, a short history of the religion will bring many of the elements of this cultural and religious music to light. Buddhism is based on a concurrent following of Four Noble Truths and an Eightfold Path. The Four Noble Truths are: 1) that life consists of suffering, 2) that the origin of suffering is attachment, 3) that suffering can only be ended through Miranda, and 4) that the path to the end of suffering is the Eightfold Path. This Development. The basis of the Buddhist faith is the belief in Karma (that the sections one makes in their current life will be returned to them in their future lives) and Rebirth (that one will be reincarnated in another life after death). There are a variety of different forms of prayer, worship, and meditation practices in the Buddhist religion, and each of these practices involve different forms of music and chanting. Every detail of faith, from the Four Noble Truths to the deep belief in Karma, is reflected in the sounds of Buddhism. These sounds have become a part of the Japanese, Chinese, and Tibetan cultures and are a constant reminder of the Buddhist tradition in these parts of the world. For example, In a Zen temple, the hours of the day may be marked by the deep somber tones of the big o-gang bell in the bell tower, evoking the idea of impermanence (Mall 1959). A bell tower can be heard for miles around and will create an environment of thoughtful contemplation for the surrounding area, further connecting the culture of a location with the precious music of a religion, and constantly reminding practicing Buddhists of their beliefs and education to follow the Eightfold Path. The effect of a Buddhist Temple bell tower may be felt in a number of religious raciest; the Muslim call to prayer is heard from a mosque across entire cities at midday, and the melodious clanging of Catholic and Christian cathedral bells may at times reach a volume that could only be described as a roar, but each of these sounds is a reflection of the religious practices these holy buildings house. Buddhism is set apart from other religions in the intricate and sacred ceremonies that revolve around the music of the religion. Wellness expresses his rapture at Buddhist music, There is scarcely any religious denomination on the face of this earth in whose cared ceremonies music holds a more prominent place than Buddhism (Wellness 1957) In oral traditions of Buddhism, the words of a sacred text are learned and recited from memory. Chant is a ritual used as a musical representation of this oral tradition. Not only are sacred texts memorized, but when these texts are recited, they are said with rhythm and pitches, which create a more spiritual and reverent atmosphere during the ritual of chant. The Buddhist monks who perform these chants therefore memorize the sacred texts as well as the specific choral or pitched movements or intervals that are carefully placed throughout the chants to emphasize certain parts of the texts and evoke certain emotions tied to the sacred traditions reflected in the texts as well as in the act of chanting. This ritual of chanting is a religious experience for the monk who is performing the chants as well as for the viewers of the bring awareness to the mentality of truth and living deeply connected with the present moment, an important aspect of faith for followers of Buddhism. Again, Just as different countries have different styles of music that reflect their ultras and people, the three countries in which Buddhism is most prominent, Japan, China, and Tibet, have different cultural forms of Buddhist music that represent their strong Buddhist faith as well as integrate the musical instruments and aspects of their culture. The music of these countries is similar in many ways, laced together by the common thread of Buddhism to guide the development of music for worship, but each nation still reflects the unique culture of the place in the Buddhist music of the people. SOMY is an improvised chant that has two styles: rooky and rooky. SOMY uses the You scale, a pentatonic scale with ascending intervals of two, three, two, two and three semitones. SOMY is a form of esoteric ritual chant that is used worldwide in the Buddhist tradition, though the use of this chant is also relevant to the place in which people worship. SOMY is a type of music that possesses mystical syllables inhabiting the recitation of certain mantras. When this form of music is performed, the assembled congregation attain a blessing from hearing these chants. Since SOMY is a type of chant and meditation that is used in the Buddhist religion and cultures, it is influenced by the Buddhist faith, but t is also influenced by the cultures around it. While most forms of Japanese Buddhism use music quite prevalently, true SOMY is a rare find in Japan, present only in a select few temples on specific ceremonial occasions. In the scope of Buddhism in Japan, the influence of Buddhism of other cultures and the influence of other languages are accepted as a part of the music, and part of the ceremony. Japanese Buddhist liturgical chants are divided into three different categories: Bonsai, hymns in which Chinese characters stand for Sanskrit sounds, Was, hymns with texts written in Japanese, and Kansas, hymns with purely Chinese texts. In the way Chinese text substituting Sanskrit, and Chinese text standing alone are clear examples of the blending of languages and culture throughout Japanese Buddhism, and the truly worldwide breadth of the Buddhist religion. Surprisingly, hymnal texts written in Japanese only occupy one of the categories of Japanese Buddhist texts. The most melodious of these chants is the Was. Was tends to be heavily syllabic in style, poetic in text, and with a clear line, creating a musical chant that is most like the more Western understanding of religious hymns and worship music. Compared to Was chants, SOMY is much more complex musically, and the rarity of this type of worship music makes it that much more intriguing for anyone who is privileged to hear it performed. There are two levels of SOMY that are observed, the first style lies exclusively in the domain of priesthood, which passes from master to pupil continuously, as reflection of the that is observed is for the public to observe, but is still only performed by Buddhist priests and monks. Yet many of these mantras, or Hookup, are reserved only for those in priesthood. Hookup literally meaner a mystery piece or secret composition. The secrecy of these mantras is due to the belief that they are a psychic and cosmic force. There is power to this chant because of the presence of the mystic syllable mm, which is sacred in the Buddhist religion. In this way, the importance of music to Buddhism is further solidified by the private performances of SOMY, proving that the music and chants of the Buddhist tradition are not only for the benefit of the congregation or as a type of worship, but also as a sacred way of passing on priesthood between holy leaders. In another form of these Japanese chants, Kansas, four ritual sections comprise and cake sense of the chants, each a different genre of chants, used for different occasions and to evoke a variety of different emotional responses. The first, Bombay, is a hymn of praise, used during ecstatic times of worship. Second is the Gangs, an elaborate chant performed by priests while they deliberately and ceremoniously scatter lotus flowers, a Buddhist symbol of enlightenment. The don-on is an offering of pure chant or mantra to the Buddhist deity, Buddha himself. Lastly, the Shake-Joy is a chant that occurs toward the end of any service as a closing, a contemplative farewell. These chants explore Japanese Buddhism in greater depth and allow one to understand the different ways that music and chants are used in the ceremonies and services of the religion. The music of Buddhism is central to the faith because without music many Buddhist ceremonies could not take place, which is a crucial difference between Buddhism and other faiths, many of which employ music to aid worship, but the central aspect of the religion would not be lost if the music were missing. The important role that music plays to the Buddhist faith is clearly represented by the complexity of the music and chants. Each song and chant has a pacific meaning, a particular time and place, and even is performed by certain Buddhist leaders. After the Eddo period, Western music and influences enter Japan during a time known as the Meijer Period (1868-1911); however, the new western influence did not completely replace the traditional music styles that were established during the Eddo period. The Meijer period introduced western concepts such as harmonistic and fixed meter and tempo, which was not common in music from the Eddo period. These western influences were combined with the traditional Japanese scale and were implemented into the newly developed public school systems. Many of the songs that were used were traditional Japanese folk songs or western songs that had been translated into Japanese text. One of the primarily Japanese instruments with a religious affiliation is the Chihuahuas. Most of the recent pieces played on this instrument are derived from spiritual or meditative songs. During the Eddo period, a group of priests called the Sumo used the instrument as a spiritual tool to help focus breathing for meditation. These priests were from a sect of Buddhism that saw the instrument as a way to achieve enlightenment by playing songs that inspired Winnie is a term used by the Chinese that refers to music. Fabian is a term to denote Buddhist monastic chants. It has been used by the Chinese since Buddhism was introduced. Fabian in translation meaner scripture recitation; it is emphasized that the chants be tranquil. Chant is the only body of liturgical action and an expression of the liturgy itself. It is used to channel liturgical participation amongst the people. Gate is a sacred verse. Buddhist music has made an influence on world music Just as it has been influenced. Buddhist famine, which is characterized by a relaxed and say pace with solemn, soft tones. Chinese music has been influenced by Famine when it was developed to popularize a new style of giving sermons and publicizing the Dharma sung to famine melodies. According to the Vienna in Ten Recitations, regularly listening to Buddhist famine can give the following five benefits: a reduction in bodily fatigue, less confusion and forgetfulness, a reduction in mental weariness, a more elegant voice and greater ease in both personal expression and communication. The style of chanting in Tibet is called choral singing, it allows the monks to sing solo chords. The monks of Tibet are able to produce deep, guttural monotones that disperse into polyphony. As a Western listener it is likely to assume that the monks are singing in parts, however each monk is displaying a full set of sounds and pitches of firsts, thirds, fifths and additional overtones as well. The ability to produce these overtones and multi-phonics with one voice has been researched and there is no reason or explanation why these monks are able to sing this way. There has been studies that think it is because of the location of Tibet because it is located at the highest elevation in the world. The monks begin training at the age of twelve, before their voices will be classified as bass, baritone or tenor voice. The average monk is able to produce a D two octaves below middle C; which is beneath the range of most male singers. The ability to produce these sounds comes with great focus which allows the singer to achieve the awareness that is stated in the Eightfold Path. Meditation Mindfulness is Buddha word for meditation. By mindfulness he meaner: you should always remain alert, watchful. You should always remain present. Not a single thing should be done in a sort of sleepy state of mind. You should not move like a somnambulist, you should move with a sharp consciousness. SOHO There is a sense in which the monk, in deep meditation, is thought to hear within himself spiritual sounds of specific types that only he can hear. The frame drum, cymbals, conch horn, double-reed oboe, long trumpet and thigh-bone trumpet are though to evoke the thudding, crashing, ringing and tapping within his body; which mirrors the spiritual forces of the universe. (Mbabane: 21) Upon hearing these sounds, the pe rson may naturally become mindful of the Buddha, mindful of the Dharma and tart, so music inspires or induce the spirit with sounds that they hear. Music plays an important role in religion, influencing the worship practices of each individual who follow these faiths. In the Buddhist practice, music and chants are used for meditation across the global span of the religion. However, different forms of music and chants are used in a variety of ways throughout religious practices. The music and different forms of chants in the Buddhist religion affect Buddhist practices, and are also influenced by the religion and the different locations around the world in which Buddhism is practiced. From SOMY chanting in Japan to choral, monophonic singing in Tibet, there are many differences and approaches in attaining mental wellness and achieving focal awareness in the Buddhist religion to spread the Dharma and become as Buddha-like in nature as the individual Buddhist follower can. Whether one believes in a religion or not, and whether one believes in rebirth or not, there isnt anyone who doesnt appreciate kindness and compassion. -Dalai Lama Bibliography Chin, Pi-yen. Buddhist Chant, Devotional Song, and Commercial Popular Music: From Ritual to Rock Mantra.