Examining the American Culture Essay -- Papers

Examining the the Statesn CultureIn order to understand this immense country that we call America, we need to probe the culture. More specifically, we need to study the form of society in America. Is this society changing, or does it remain fixed throughout time? There ar galore(postnominal) aspects of our society, some of which are traditions, values, and religion. The many realms of society contribute to a conglomerate culture, which cannot be described simply.The American culture is diverse and constantly evolving due to many various aspects of society, including, but not limited to, religion. It cannot be said that there is one American culture because there is no national language in America. Also, the lack of a ace culture is displayed by the strong need for political correctness in America. Finally, it is evident that the culture in America has changed through the years due to changes in American religion.Since language is an essential part of culture, and America h as no national language, then America is not tied together with one culture. There are reasons why the U.S. Government has not declared an official language. The most important being that an official language of English would promote xenophobia, making the English talk afraid of new immigrants or vice versa. It would also deprive the American citizens who do not speak English of some of their basic rights. For example, how could someone vote, or take a driving test, if they do not know the language. On the other hand, immigrants would benefit if they were forced to learn a national language in America. They would be able to receive a better education, find a better job, and participate more completely in society (Gallegos, 1994). The fact that h... ...chings meet also been a strong influence on our ignorant society, especially on those who havent taken the time to research the doctrines of various religions. Because of the diversity in America, there is no prevalent cult ure, nor does the culture of tomorrow replicate the culture of yesterday.BibliographyBIBLIOGRAPHYGallegos, Bee. (Ed.). (1994). English Our official Language. New York The H. W. Wilson Company.Heston, Charlton. (1999). Winning the Culture War, Online. Available http//www.mere-christianity.org 1999, July 5.Wolfe, Alan. (Ed.). (1991). America At Centurys End. Los Angeles University of California Press.Author Unnamed. (1999). Roman Catholicism Christian or Pagan, Online. Available http//www.personal.s1.umich.edu 1999, July 7.Wickham, R. (1999). Lecture Notes. R/ST 302I. 1999, June 24, July 7.

How Private Must an Objectionably Private Language Be? :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

How Private Must an Objectionably Private Language Be?ABSTRACT Some philosophers, taking their discriminative stimulus from Philosophical Investigations (PI) 243-315, suppose that a private language is obnoxious only when its terms refer to Cartesian mental events. Others (notably Kripke) have focused on PI 201 and the surrounding remarks ab tabu rule following, and have explicated the notion of an objectionable private language as (roughly) that of a language used by however wiz isolated soulfulness unsupported at any time by any source of external or community correction and approval. I take on to defend Kripkes account against some objections proffered by Simon Blackburn. Blackburn supposes that individuals are no worse off than communities with respect to the difficulties raised by Kripke, and argues that the paradox of PI 201 can be avoided by a proper understanding of extended dispositions, and by grasping the possibility of private practices. But Blackburn misconstrues wh at it is to go on in the same elbow room in following a rule, and ignores the place of constitutive rules in practices.Some philosophers, taking their cue from Philosophical Investigations (PI) 243 - 315, suppose that a private language is objectionable only when its terms refer to Cartesian mental events. In this strong sense private languages are very private indeed. Others (notably Kripke, 1982) have focused on PI 201 and the surrounding remarks about rule following, and have explicated the notion of an objectionably private language as (roughly) that of a language used by just one isolated individual unsupported at any time by any source of external or community correction and approval. I think of this as a weaker sense of private language.In sec. 1 I attempt to defend the Kripke - Wittgenstein (henceforth KW) version of the private language argument against some objections proffered by Simon Blackburn. KW takes languages which are private in the weaker sense to be objectionabl e, and claims that the later discussion (PI 243 - 315) deals with a special case falling under the more oecumenical discussion of rule following in earlier sections. In section II I briefly consider some possible objections from Wittgenstein himself to my defense of Kripke.IThis was our paradox no course of action could be determined by a rule, because every course of action can be made out to accord with the rule(PI 201). According to KW the reason any course of action could accord with the rule is that there is no fact about an individual to which he can point in justifying going on one way (in the application of a word, continuation of a number series, etc.

Price Discrimination Essay -- Economics Economy Profit Finances Essays

Price Discrimination Prices are based upon the price elasticity of motive in each given market. In other terms, this means that during ladies night at the local bar, it costs more for men to have a beer than women only if because these bars find it o.k. to charge females less, as a way to draw more females to the business on a specific night. Price discrimination is come out of the commercial and business world. Movie theaters, magazines, computer software companies, and thousands of other businesses have discounted prices for students, children, or the elderly. One important note though, is that price discrimination is only defend when the exact same product is interchange to diametrical people for different prices. First class vs. coach in an airline (though sometimes just differing in how many free drinks you can get) is not an example of price discrimination because the two tickets, though comparable, are not identical. Price discrimination is based upon the scotch tho ughts and practice of marginal analysis. This process deals specifically with the differences in revenue and costs as choices and/or decisions are made. Profit maximization is achieved not when the number of products sold is the highest, nor when the price is the highest. Profitability price discrimination is only clamsable if and when the given target groups price elasticity of demand differs to the point where the separate prices yield to profit maximization for each given group in question (where marginal revenue equals marginal cost). Groups that are more sensitive to prices, (students and senior citizens for example), have a lower price elasticity of demand and are the ones that are often charged the lower prices for the identical goods or services. The key to price discrimination and employ it to fully compliment other economic practices, ultimately achieving the total profit maximization, is the ability to effectively and efficiently collect, analyze, and act upon data gath ered about the different groups. First of all, the groups must be accurately identified and the differences between groups must be thought of ahead of time. Children, genders, and senior citizens are easily singled-out by appearance, while military personnel, college students, and other groups must carry some sort of identification. Firms typically will quote the highest prices in advertisements,... ...portunity cost. Price discrimination is a significant and powerful practice on the market in the modern economic world. It aids in a firms profit maximization scheme, it allows certain consumers with more scarce resources the probability to purchase goods or services that would otherwise be usable, and it aids firms in balancing what is and what is not sold. Price discrimination is an effective means by which a firm can sell a higher quantity of goods, make a higher profit margin on the goods it sells, and builds a broader consumer base receivable to differing price elasticity of demand for given goods and services. Price discrimination ultimately equalizes price and value for both(prenominal) the consumer and the firm, creating a more ideal situation for both entities in terms of preference and opportunity cost. Bibliographyhttp//www.wired.com/news/story/18656.htmlinfousa.com/toolkit/home/text/po3_5230.htmwww.researchinfo.com/wwwboard/messages/7633.htmlwww.mhht.com/economics/frank4/student/appendixes/appendix4.htmlagriculture.house.gov/glossary/price_elasticity_of_demand.htmwww.nets.kz/ilia.nets.kz/p_text.htmlwww.nd.edu/keating/textbook/chap2/chap2.html

How Outsourcing Affects the Economy Essay -- Global Economy, Economic,

Outsourcing is nothing new. It is a difficult issue to handle and tackle, supporters and detractors chalk up on one thing. That outsourcing provide not be eliminated to a complete. That is why I wrote on what is outsourcing, how it affect the deliverance, and can it be stop.The word outsourcing can be defined in a numbers of ways depending on the type of service and the form of relationship with the supplier. Also referred to as contracting out or buying in. May be the delegation or handing over to a third party. Company to provide services that might other wise be performed by in- house employees. The term is increasingly used to refer to subcontracting of a set of functions or processes by one firm to another, or to a pigeonholing of individuals. Also allows companies to focus on other business issues while they down there details take care of by outside experts. Which means outsize amount of resources and attention, that might fall on the shoulders of the management profess ionals, it can be used to more important issues within the company problem. Outsourcing and offshore is different hardly they are the same interchangeable used by deal. It also enables a company to focus on core-competency areas. There are some disadvantaged to outsourcing oftentimes eliminates direct communication. Also may lead to delayed communication and project implementation. While outsourcing my prove highly beneficial for many companies, it also has many drawbacks.It affects the U.S. economy is a great matter to postulate. This will have an overall positive effect on the U.S. economy, since it save money for companies, open up fortuities for entrepreneurship and leads more Americans to bring higher level jobs. A suggestion came up about hiring foreign workers which has imm... ...re want be any disposable income to spend on luxuries things. Market will collapse, and trade will come standstill. A way to keep the divided checks flowing to the stockholders a little. Govern ment will need to completely close the borders to trade. Economists have recognized that free trade is the better solution, economy was built on a free trade. The economy is not going to get better with people being unemployed and that is only causing an chain reaction in the U.S. economy. In these area does not leave enough jobs for U.S. Americans. It has been a lot of debate over outsourcing and was said that it is good for the U.S. economy. But I think they should decrease outsourcing retributive a little, because the economy today is already going down hill. That is just going to make the future in more trouble than it is now. This is the end of my outsourcing of the economy.

The Relationship Between Emergency Management and Higher Education Essa

Emergency centering has been in the process of transforming itself into a recognize profession over the past several decades. During the last quarter of the 20th century, training and experience in preparing for, responding to and recovering from disasters and hazardous incidents were considered the path to becoming an taking into custody manager the title was non always there but the responsibilities were shouldered by someone who took responsibility for those functions. Since the late 1990s, the field of emergency management has grow to include programs of higher education which have added a much needed third belongings to that progression. What was once considered the domain of civil protection specialists, such as retired military personnel and fire fighters, is now just as likely to be filled by a graduate of a university emergency management (EM) program or one of the intensive credentialing programs offered in the United States. The shift towards the professionalization of emergency management can be credited to that added educational dimension as well as to the concurrent shift from primarily a reactive role, repartee and recovery, to a proactive role of managing the processes of the whole disaster cycle, i.e. mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. In other words, the emphasis is now on management and not just on the emergency (Britton, 2001, p.46). By addressing the management of the disaster cycle and not focusing on just the emergency, the realm of the emergency manager has expanded to include a diverse yet connected set of skills and knowledge. Implementation of boffo mitigations projects for example, require a scientifically sound hazard and vulnerability analysis which should be based on applica... ...0B96C927794AF1031D9395C5C20)A_new_emergency_management_for_the_new_millennium.pdf/$file/A_new_emergency_management_for_the_new_millennium.pdfFederal Emergency Management direction (FEMA). (2007). Principles of Emergency Manageme nt Supplement. Accessed at http//training.fema.gov/.../edu/docs/emprinciples/Principles%20of%20Emergency%20Management%20Brochure.docFEMA Emergency Management Institute. (2012). The College List. Accessed athttp//www.training.fema.gov/emiweb/edu/collegelist/Goss, K. (2011). Foundation for Higher Education Accreditation in Emergency Management. History and Benefits. Accessed at http//training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/edu/docs/Foundation%20of%20EM%20-%20FFHEA%20-%20History%20and%20Benefits.pdfSchneider, R.O. (2003). A Strategic overview of the New Emergency Manager. Accessed on 4/26/2012 at http//training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/edu/pracpaper.asp

Theme of Beauty in La Belle Dame Sans Merci Essay -- John Keats

In the poem La Belle Dame Sans Merci by John Keats, the main theme is the idea that beauty is only climb deep and can be an extremely painful emotional experience. The title loosely translates into the beautiful woman with no mercy. As we read the poem it becomes clear that the knight had his feelings shattered by this woman on his steed.Keats uses a number of different language techniques to make the poem effective. The first is dividing the poem into cardinal parts through the use of 2 speakers. We do not know who the first speaker is, probably someone who is passing through the area. In stanza 1 and 2 the poet makes use of repetition as he questions the knight about his condition Ah, what can ail thee, wretched wight? line 1 stanza 1 and 2. He asks him why he is so haggard, and so wo...

Softball Paper

The History of playground eggs PHEC 202 Table of Contents 1. History of softball 2. How to play Softball 3. Equipment needed to play a impale. 4. Diagram of a Softball field 5. Bibliography Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Page 6 Page 7 Softball is sensation of Americas favorite pastimes. Softball is now a very touristed game that originated in Chicago, but it didnt become popular over night. The game is said the be invented by a man named George Hancock, by him creating this game it has now become of the about vie games in America. In this search I will discuss the history of softball, the basic rules, and the necessary equipment needed to play the game.Softball was started on Thanksgiving Day in 1887. It all began when a group of men gathered in a gym to hear the score of football game, after the score was announced and all bets were settled one of the men threw an old boxing mitt at another man who hit it with a pole. George Hancock, said to be the inventor of the game took the boxin g glove and tied it so it would look like a ball, took chalk and drew a diamond on the floor, broke a broom handle to enjoyment it as a bat and began to play the first-class honours degree game of standball. This was also the beginning of softball.Hancocks game was a smaller translation of baseball and was played indoors. Within a weeks time Hancock created an oversized ball and a bat with a rubber tip that he apply to play the game. He also returned to the gym to make permanent foul lines on the floor. He then wrote the rules and named the game Indoor Baseball. This new sport speedily became a hit and became international. In the selfsame(prenominal) year, 1897, the Indoor Baseball guide was published, explaining the rules of the game and how to play. Ten years by and by the game was moved outdoors.It was then know as indoor-out door. This game also caught on very quickly and a set of rules was published for this version of the game in 1889. Although Chicago is the birthpla ce of this game through the years it took on some modification in Minneapolis around 1895. It is said that a Fire Department officer by the name of Lewis Rober senior used his versions of the game to keep is men in shape and occupied. It is also said that he had no prior knowledge of Hancocks version of the game. Robers version of the game was played in a vacant lot next to the fire house.In 1896 Rober was moved to a new unit and in charge of coaching another team. This team called themselves the kitten and in honor of their name the game was called Kitten League Ball in 1900. The name was later shortened to Kitten Ball. In 1895 the womens softball team was formed in Chicago at West Division High School. Although the team was started they did not start competing until1899. As the game grew more than popular more people began to pay more attention the womens game and in 1904 the Spalding Baseball bring was published.This publication of the rules dedicated a substantial amount of t he book to the womens game of softball. In 1933 there was the Chicago National Tournament. This was the first tournament where both(prenominal) male and female champions were honored in the same way. This tournament help lead to the International World Championships in 1965, by allowing women to compete in much(prenominal) tournaments this helped this sport to become international and helped it move on to the Pan-American Games and the Olympics. Softball at this time was now a professional league and contracts ranged from $1,000 to $3,000 dollars per year.In 1980 due to financial stroke the league was broken up. Although the league was broken up softball is still a popular game today. There is now an Amateur Softball that registers more than 260,000 fastpitch softball teams and slowpitch is gradually growing. Although comp bed to baseball, softball is simple to play and is also played on a smaller scale. There a 9 players on a softball team. The playing field it is divided into t he infield and the outfield. The infield is the portion of the field which is connected by the bases. Each base is set between 55 and 65 feet apart.When the bases are joined they take on the shape of a diamond and the infield is considered the portion in spite of appearance the baseline. Outside the baseline but inside the playing field is the outfield. While in a game if the ball goes outside the 1st or 3rd base it is considered a foul ball. If this occurs the first cannot go to the next base and the batter gets another chance, however if the ball is caught in the air outside the line the batter is then consider out. An positive softball game has 7 innings. An inning is when both teams has a had a chance to bat.This is how a game of softball is played. What makes softball different from baseball is the pitch. In softball the ball must(prenominal) be thrown underhand. In order to pitch the pitcher must have both feet on the pitchers rubber and both hands must be on the ball at t he start of the pitch. When the pitcher throws the ball its going to batter. When batting, the team must have the same order of batters throughout the entire game. The batter will stand in the batters box which is the box marked with chalk near nucleotide plate that a batter must stay within while batting. The batter is onsidered out when and if three frets are called, a fly ball is caught, or if the batter does not stand in the batters box. A strike occurs when a ball is swung at and missed or is called when the ball enters the strike zone and is not swung at all. The strike zone is the area between the batter knees and armpits. A fly ball is a ball that is hit in to the air in the infield. If any of these things occur the batter is then out. If that batter hits the ball the next step is running. When running the offset printing must touch each base. Runners can only over run one base and can be label out if they are not on the base.While on base the runner can only run when th e ball leaves the pitchers hand. If the runner is on base when a fly ball is hit and caught the runner must remain at their original base and cannot move on to the next base. While running all batters that have made to a base must stay in that order when returning to home plate. Stealing bases are not allowed in softball. A runner is considered out if they are tagged out before reaching a base, if the ball gets to 1st base before the runner, or if the runner runs more than three feet out of the baseline to subjugate being tagged out.These are the rules that runners must follow. In order to play this game the following equipment is needed a bat, when standing next to bat that you are going to use the bat should come to your wrist and it should be light enough for you to swing comfortably. Also while batting a batter may use a batting helmet to protect their head while up to bat. Next is the ball, softballs range from 11 which are used by children ages 10 and under, to 12 inches whi ch are used by everyone ages 12 and above. After the ball is the glove.The only positions that have a specific glove designed especially for their position is the first base men and the catcher, all other use the same type of glove depending on which hand you catch with. If you use you right hand the most you would put the glove on your left have so you would be able to throw with your right hand and vice versa for the left hand. In this essay I have explained the history of softball, how to play the game and the necessary equipment need in order to play the game. Although the were some hang ups that could have stopped the fruit of softball its popularity continued to grow.Softball is still a popular game with millions of people who still play it today. pic Bibliography Amateur Softball Association of America (ASA). (2012). Amateur Softball Association of America (ASA). Retrieved October 7, 2012, from http//www. asasoftball. com/about/asa_history. asp History of Softball. (2000). H istory of Softball. Retrieved October 7, 2012, from http//www. softballperformance. com/softball-history/ Lynch, W. (2011, May 26). Rules on How to Play Softball. LIVESTRONG. COM. Retrieved October 7, 2012, from http//www. livestrong. com/article/426838-rules-on-how-to-play-softball/

Burger King Factors Of Production Essay

CapitolCapital goods ar any tangible assets that an organisation uses to capture goods and service e.g. buildings, machinery and equipment. At a national level, burger magnate develops and creates new capital goods (machinery). For example, with the aim to minimize waste Burger exponent developed the kitchen minder. The kitchen minder monitors the amount of sales on previous days and estimates how legion(predicate) patties, fries and other ingredients burger world power lead need to prepare. This minimises waste signifi bottom of the inningtly and therefore reduces be. with reduced costs the difference amongst sale terms and costs depart increase meaning burger king has change magnitude profits. Another very serious capital good is the flaming broiler. The flame broiler is a capital good because it is a piece of machinery used to produce other goods. At a national level, burger king developed the new broiler to decreases power costs, labour costs and to enhance the fl avour of patties.Because these broilers dont run altogether day and use less(prenominal) fuel the average restaurant flush toilet save up to 40% on its monthly energy costs, Making it worth period to install and invest the broilers into New Zea arena burger king restaurants. At a topical anesthetic level the flame broiler is constantly used and is managed carefully. Staff must erect the required numbers of patties (as indicated by the kitchen minder) onto the broiler tray and turn on the broiler. The patties are then stored in heated containers and are ready to crystallise burgers. If the patties are not used up within ten smalls then they must be thrown out. Although the patties are physically thrown out at a local anaesthetic level, the time of when to throw them out (ten minutes) is decided at a national level.The resultants on society of burger kings decision to use the new flame broiler is that burger king customers (particularly past customers) may not like the new f lavour of the patties and could stop eating at burger king. however it is to a greater extent(prenominal) likely that members of society leave behind enjoy the new patties and therefore buy more(prenominal) of burger kings repasts. burger kings decision to throw out 10 minute old patties leave also mean society will eat more burger king as the burgers are fresher. therefore burger king has a blackball effect on the health of society. the new flame broiler also has a positive impact on the proles because it may be easier and less time go through to operate the broiler, extending in less exit for employees.LandLand is a very important factor of production as it is with land that burger king flowerpot runs its company. At a national level burger king must construct important decisions about which piece of land will ultimately give the to the highest degree profit e.g. airports, universities and sites close to popular attractions, are all sites that usually provide many sal es. The hillcrest burger king is strategically situated on an elevated piece of land on cambridge road so that the large number of cars that pass by can easily see the burger king restaurant. If people see the shop, it is likely they will be tempted to purchase from burger king.Therefore the more people that see the shop, the more r pull downue and profit that burger king will receive. the consequences on society of this strategic berth is that the large number of cars that drive on cambridge road are likely to eat burger king more often more and therefore have increased health problems. Another way that burger king manages its land at a national level is by choosing how much space the car park, eating lobby, fund etc. takes up. Nationally, burger king has decided to remove many of the restaurants play grounds. The benefits of this decision are that burger king can sell the playground to increase profits and can put the unneeded land to good use e.g. use the extra land to build an outdoor eating area. The negative effectsof removing the playgrounds is that burger king will not appeal to small children, resulting in less families eating at burger king and therefore a decrease in sales, revenue and profit for burger king. the consequences on society of the decision to add an outdoor eating area is that consumers will be able to eat in fresh air so both(prenominal) consumers will have a greater eating experience.This outdoor eating feature could appeal to somewhat members of society meaning that consumers will buy more burgers, resulting in an increase in health problems for society. by not having playgrounds less young children are going to eat at burger king which will result in an increase in the health of young children. At a local level, the management of the land can be split into two split management outside the restaurant and management inside the restaurant. Outside the restaurant, burger king will clean graffiti of their restaurant and off all th eir advertisements and also recess up rubbish off nearby footpaths.This will increase labour andcleaning costs for burger king. inside the restaurant, burger king locally must manage the cleanliness of the land. this federal agency reservation sure the floor is always clean and dry, the toilets are clean and there is no chewing gum or other food stuck to tables. burger king takes cleanliness serious because if the environment in which customers eat is healthy and clean the customers are likely to continue to shop at burger king, resulting in an increase in profit. the consequences on society of burger kings local cleaning decisions is that consumers will not be put off by rubbish and graffiti that would have been associated with burger king and therefore be more inclined to eat at burger king. it also means that the environment around burger king will be cleaner and more respectable. driveLabour resources are the hold upers/employees that are needed to operate a business. at a n ational level burger king develops a homework programmeto train and grow new staff about what isrequired and expected of them. new staff must spend 1 month practising at each station piece of music under supervision of the director e.g. practising at the cashier, cleaning equipment, making burgers etc. burger king invests a lot of time into the training of their new staff so that they do not need to be constantly supervised and that they are able to work fast and at a high standard at each station. nationally, burger will also determine how many workers are needed per restaurant. for example, hillcrest burger king is relatively large compared to other burger king restaurants and therefore it is likely that will have need more staff (total of 39 staff on their roster). at a local level, the manager will make decisions and assign important tasks to workers (depending on how busy it is) so that each staff member is working at a specific stage in the production process.This is specia lisation. as the worker does their specific task over and over again they will become more experienced and more efficient, resulting in an increase in productivity and economies of musical scale (where a firms output increases, the average cost per unit produced falls). to keep up with orders, the manager may call in employees and have them work at an even more specific task in the production process e.g. 1 person cooking the patties, 1person putting the fillings in and another person wrapping, rather than having fitting one person doing everything. this increases specialisation. by having more workers, labour costs will increase, but burger king is able to produce food much quicker and keep with the orders. this will result in a reputation of quick service which means customers are likely to return. at a national level burger king has decide to have on call staff. if business is slow, the local manager may decide to send some staff home (as they are not needed as much) thus, decr easing labour costs.If business is fast, the local manager may decide to call in workers. this is flexible labour. the consequences on society of burger kingsdecision for workers to only work on one part of the production process (specialization) has had a positive effect on some members of society but a negative effect on the employees. the positive effect on society is that consumers will receive a greater quality product and they are likely to get their burgers quicker. (due to workers gaining more experience). however the negative effect on the workers is that may become very bored while working (as they have little variation in their task). burger kings decision to have flexible labour has also had a negative effect on the workers because it is harder for them to make a schedule and they may be interrupted when doing something importantEntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship is the ability to take risks and organise all other resources and factors of production. at a national level, a ll the decisions that burger king makes are entrepreneurial decisions e.g the decisions regarding land, labour and capital. however, burger king will train the local managers to ensure their decisions involving the business are beneficial and ultimately profitable for burger king. this extra training for managers is an increased cost for burger king however, it is likely that the time invested into the mangers will pay off because they will make better decisions about burger kings local operations. at a local level entrepreneurship is managed by the manager. the manager must make decisions about what will give burger the most profit. for example, if staff are making and luck burgers before the required time, the manager will callin staff meetings to discuss the problem as to why production is slowing down.With the extra training that burger king provides the managers with, the manager should be able to solve the problem. the manager could make changes in the production process or s taff roster or the manager may even decide to lay off workers. it is also the local managers decision and responsibility as to if some staff get a advance and/or pay rise. promotions act as an incentive to employees to work more productively and efficiently. the more efficient the staff are, the more profit that burger king will receive making it worthwhile to offer promotions and pay rises. the consequences on society of these entrepreneurial decisions is that customers are likely to get a better quality meal and a quicker.Commercial GoalsAll producers have goals. Burger kings overall objective is to maximise profits. However, to maximise profits, burger king has more commercial goals such as -Sales maximization- when a firm wants to sell as much as possible without making a loss. -Increased market plow- when a firm wants a greater share of the market e.g. dominating the fast food industry.-Cost reduction- when a firm wants to decrease the cost of their products without making a loss (increasing the margin between sale expense and cost per product). -Business expansion- when a firm wants to increase the number of stores that consumers can buy from.Burger kings goal of business expansion has had positive and negative consequences on members of society. Burger kings business expansion negatively affects other smaller fast food business e.g.Local fish and chip shops because some consumers will switch buy from small businesses and start buying at the new burger king. The lack of sales for these small businesses (caused by burger king) will result in less revenue and profit. This could even result in the closure of small businesses and therefore the government may have to provide more benefits for the unemployed. Although burger kings business expansion has had a huge negative effect on small local businesses, it has a positive effect on localunemployed citizens (particularly students). As new restaurants are launched, staff and managers are required for the running of the restaurant this creates new job opportunities and therefore income for some members of society. If burger king expands its business, more fatty food will be available for society. This is a negative effect on society as more people will become overweight and unhealthy.Non-Commercial GoalsBurger king also has many non-commercial goals that are very important. Some of these goals include-Minimising the impact that they have on the environment-Purchasing from national and local suppliers (rather than purchasing from overseas)-Supporting charitable organisations-such as canteen-Supporting and organising local sport- such as theBasketball tournamentThese non-commercial goals require burger king to either donate, fund or increase unneeded costs. This contradicts burger kings overall goal of profit maximisation. However, by helping and supporting New Zealand charities and the local community, many members of society may feel loyal to burger king for the good they do, and the refore shop at burger king more often instead of shopping at competitors.Price strategiesPricing is one of the most important elements for the success for burger king, as it is with price strategies that the goals of burger king can be achieved. One price system that burger king has in place is the Burger king Change Range. Burger king reduces the price of singular items e.g. Medium cold coke from $2.00 to $1.00 BBQ beef burger from $3.50 to $2.00 so customers come into the shop or drive thru for their cheap item and then are offered other regular (more expensive) items. Burger king may not be making any profit on the change range items (as the selling price may not be greater than the costs to make it), however the other items that customers buy will give burger king increased sales.The negative effects of this price strategy are that it reduces the profit make on the change range items and it could also result in a price war if competitors cut their prices to compete. However, t he strategy will satisfy burger kings goals of salesmaximisation and increased market share. If customers buy a significant amount of regular priced items then the price strategy may also satisfy burger kings most important goal of profit maximisation. the consequences on society of this price strategy is the burgers become more affordable, so consumers will spend an increased equipoise of their income on these cheapburgers as they are saving more of their income. This can result in health problems and even obesity for some members of society.Non price strategiesNon price strategies are methods other than price reduction that a firm uses to achieve their goals. This involves product variation and product differentiation. Product variation is the process that highlights and promotes actual differences amongst products. Burger king uses product variation with the whopper burger range. The six burgers vary in size and ingredients e.g. double whopper with cheese, whopper JR without che ese etc. this variation amongst burger kings signature meal, is put in place to compete with competitors (e.g. McDonalds big mac) and to appeal to different tastes and income levels of consumers. Therefore, consumers may view the whopper variety as the better or the topping option, leading to more sales for burger king. Another way burger king uses product variation is by flame grilling their patties. Burger king has used this non price strategy since its founding in 1954 and is still in use today.By flame grilling their patties, burger king adds a distinct taste to their burgers and appeals to consumers who want a more genuine and traditionally cooked Pattie. This will also increase sales. Burger king uses product differentiation as some of its non-price strategies. Product differentiation is the process in which firms make a product appear to be different from that of competitors. Burger king uses product differentiation with its branding, advertising, sponsorship, packaging and store locations. For example, burger king uses unique packaging when wrapping their burgers. On the packaging they add the ingredients of the burger, a description of the burger, the colours that represent burger king (red) and their motto (Taste is king). Without changing the actual product, the packaging makes the burgers appear very different to standardized competitors burgers.ProductivityWith 2 windowpanes burger king on average serves 50 cars per hour. with the added window burger king serves on average 80 cars per hour. when burger king just had two windows customers would pay at the first and then pick up at the second window. however, as demand for burger kings meals has increased and burger employees have to prepare more complex meals, drive thru times have been very slow which means that customers have to wait a long time for their meal and they are less likely to purchase from burger king again. to increase the drive thru speed time burger king has decided to add in an e xtra pick up window so customers wont have to wait as long. this extra window has had a positive effect on burger king as shown by the 60% increase of cars through the drive thru. although costs increase because of the installation of the new window and one more person is working at the new window, burger kings productivity has increased.Productivity is calculated as outputs divided by inputs. with the added window, burger king has 60% more sales and a small amount of costs (inputs)-wages and installation. making the margin between sales and costs much larger than before the window was added. because of burger kings decision to add the extra window productivity has vastly increased. the consequence on society of burger kings decision to add the 3rd window is that consumers will spend less time waiting for their burger and therefore get to where they want to be quicker. another effect of the 3rd window is that the queue in the drive thru will be much smaller. if consumers see this sm all queue they are more likely to buy burger king than if the queue was large. resulting in less disposable income and in an increase in health problems. the consequences on the workers is that they will have to work faster and harder to keep up with the drive orders. these workers may receive a slightly higher income for the more demanding work they do.

Five Myths about Immigration Essay

Author David Cole explains in Five Myths ab reveal Immigration that mess are misinformed about immigrants in America and blame them for all the problems in the American society. Cole comments that the internal Americans, which have nonhing to do with what we call Native Americans today, were labeled as Know-Nothings because they simply did not know anything about immigrants and prejudged immigrants who came into the country. The author quotes one Know-Nothing for saying that more than half the prisons and almshouses, more than half the police and the damage of administering criminal justice are for foreigners. In the 1860s, immigrants arrived from Ireland and Germany causing anti-alien and anti-Catholic sentiments to appear in states such as Massachusetts and New York.Cole takes this topic to heart because his ancestors were among the dirt-poor Irish-Catholics who move to America in the 1960s except were fortunate because afterwards fifteen years the prejudice faded away. Now, 140 years later, the author points out that a similar prejudice has returned with the exception that the focus has changed from Irish Catholics and Germans to Latin Americans (most recently, Cubans), Haitians, and Arab-Americans. Cole explains how five comm unaccompanied held beliefs regarding immigrants to the United States, are in reality apologues.Coles first misunderstanding myth is that America is being overrun with immigrants. America is a nation of immigrants, which has been true since Christopher Columbus landed in this country. Although most Americans hope that foreign-born people collide with up a large population of the United States, Cole notes that only eight percent of immigrants fall in this category. In fact, amongst seventy and eighty percent of those who immigrate each year are refugees and immediate relatives of U.S. citizens. In addition, immigrants living in the United States only make up one percent of the countrys population. Most aliens do not cross the border illegally, emphasizes Cole, but enter legally and remain after their student of visitor visa expires.Coles second myth is a misjudgment that Immigrants take jobs from U.S. citizens. This is a common misunderstanding Americans have about immigrants. It is easier for a person to point out that jobs are being taken away from U.S. citizens, Cole argues, than to admit that immigrants haveindeed started successful business employing both citizens and immigrants alike. As documented by a 1994 A.C.L.U Immigrants Rights Project report, various studies prove that immigrants create more jobs than they fill. Cole mentions a study that found 78,000 new jobs were created in the Los Angeles County between 1970 and 1980 because of Mexican immigration. Cole comments how Governor Mario Cuomo of New York announced immigrants have provided thousands of jobs from 40,000 immigrant owned companies which provided $3.5 billion to the states economy every year.Coles terzetto myth includes the belief that Immigrants are a drain on societys resources. Cole mentions that Americans feel immigrants should not receive government benefits, but check to a 1994 Urban Institute report, immigrants generate significantly more in taxes paid than they cost in services received. Studies demonstrate that taxes go to the federal government, states Cole, but when the state and federal money is distributed, the figures show no evidence about the cost of immigrants. The United States loses money on immigrants who recently moved to the county because they have not yet made it. For this reason, the author affirms that immigrants are a big advantage to the economy . Social programs are unavailable to undocumented immigrants, expresses Cole, but are minded(p) rights to benefits of medical and nutritional care and education for children. Eliminating health care would cost us more in the long run, explains Cole.Coles fourth myth involves he misconception that Aliens refuse to assimilate, and are depri ving us of our cultural and political unity. Throughout history, immigrants have developed and created the American culture into what it is today, comments Cole. He quotes Supreme Court arbiter Stephen Field for writing in 1984 that the Chinese have remained among us a separate people, retaining their original peculiarities of dress, manners, habits, and modes of living, which are as marked as their complexion and language. aft(prenominal) five years, Field supported his remarks towards Chinese immigrants. Our society pressures immigrants to adapt to American culture, exerts Cole. For this reason, Cole raises the question is it ethical to limit immigrants in a society that is strengthened upon the cultureof past immigrants?Coles final myth is Noncitizen immigrants are not entitled to constitutional rights. The Bill of Rights protects all people, Cole contends, only reserving for citizens the right to vote and run for a federal office position. In contrast, immigrants are still s hareed less than a U.S. citizen because they are foreigners. Cole points out that in 1893, the executive branch required Chinese laborers to prove their residency in the United States by the testimony of at least one thinkable white witness simply because nonwhites could not be trusted. Cole is handling a pending case in the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit that has the Clinton governing body arguing that legal immigrants living in the country should have no more First Amendment Rights than first-time immigrants coming into the United States -that is, none. Cole explains in an example that a non-citizen can be deported for expressing themselves the same way as a citizen is allowed to.In conclusion, Cole acknowledges a quote that he was taught we will be judged by how we treat others. By this standard, Cole goes on to explain that if we keep treating immigrants the way that we do right now, we are not in very good shape.

The eminence of Candide is connected

Candide, the prognosis of Voltaire accomplished incredible goal and status. Candide achieved whizzic tasks. He always preferred to do the right, rather booming and enjoyable things. He was not following what everyone prefers to do.Though he liked what his metaphysics teacher Dr. Pangloss preached him the usual because, therefore so explaining discourses. Though, Candide found it difficult to down the stairsstand.The eminence of Candide is connected with birth that man holds with his companions. Candide makes us sensitized to insights of human sufferings. He finds in his extensive journeys through Europe, Surinam, and Paraguay that journey with good companions is always reduces the burden of boredom.A hero looks for society in any ongoing public crisis that Candide looks for. A hero is more practical and looks for existential matters and gives less importance to metaphysical matters that Candide does. Candide is compensate, gentle, discerning, and benevolent.Candide has establishe d that practically everyone is a hero this is well established more often by the emergence of middle class hero.The hero looks for overcoming dullness vice our work keeps at bay the terzetto great evils boredom that is dullness, vice, and needs or wants. Candide the hero like to work for making life tolerable and manageable, not struggle to prove things.Candide passed through the ruffle near Portugal coast, then he got into the earthquake when he reached Lisbon, and was among plague epidemic in Algerian, he was not upset in theses tumultuous sufferings he passed through, a real hero exhibits such heroic courage.Candide choose to get into sufferings rather avoiding them for an easier path. Human beings are overwhelmed by jealousy, desire, greed, worry, concern, and fear than all the tribulations visited upon a citadel under siege, their Personal sorrow is grief harsher compared to the community misery.Candide finds himself into many situations which expect him to be a hero. He is f ound making advances towards Cunegund and so was thrown out of Thunder-ten-tronckh castle. thus he bumps gets into captivity of Bulgarians, he selects to run gauntlet and then where he requests them to kill him. Only a hero can ask to be killed regulation people are afraid of death and would suffer anything to live. Candide showed different attitude to Bulgarians.Candide passes through the misery of worst earthquake in Lisbon, and comes out unshaken of it, a hero. Another heroic action is Candides marries Cunegund to respect his promise though he is not interested in marrying her now.But a hero Candide marries Cunegund to respect his commitment. Candide got threats from the pursuit and Jesuits to jail him in Paris, Candide remained unruffled. Paris is the City of chaos, where all are searching for happiness that hardly any one finds. Candide has shown qualities of hero that are regarded heroic thus far today.

Characterization in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings

Characterization is a physical description of a character, the way the character acts and the reputation traits of the character. Bailey Johnson Jr. is the older brother of Marguerite Ann Johnson, the protagonist of the novel, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou. In order for Maya to become independent, she needs to go to pieces from Bailey. Their original relationship was holding her back. Bailey is described in the earmark as a bright, clever and light-spirited person. Maya needs to separate from Bailey because she relies on him to fight her battles.He is as well a God- kindred figure to her, which is an unhealthy obsession. Bailey also keeps Maya from believing in herself because Maya puts too much conviction in him. Bailey influences Maya both positively and negatively throughout the novel, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Bailey influences Maya negatively because she depends on him to defend herself in her battles. Maya says in the book that, Bailey was the gre atest person in my life. Bailey is really the only person for Maya in her life and she looks up to him. He is basically the big brother of Mayas dreams.Bailey gives Maya that confidence and couragement such as getting back at Mayas family members and friends who tease her astir(predicate) her imperfections. In the text, Maya describes one of his actions when she explains, When our elders said unkind things about my features, Bailey would wink at me from across the room, and I knew that it was a matter of time before he would take revenge. This is one of the key examples of Maya relying on Bailey too much and giving him that faith instead of herself. Since Maya is relying on her older brother to defend her, she could neer become a stronger person individually.Maya is not capable of becoming more than independent because she is ignorant of her own reliance on Bailey. Bailey is described in the book by Maya as a savior in her eyes, which is an unhealthy obsession for Maya. She be lieves that he is a God-like figure in her eyes. This is unhealthy for Maya because she puts too much faith into Bailey and not in herself. Maya describes Bailey as a savior when she explains that, It made me want to live a Christian life just to show God I was grateful, meaning that she wants to show God that she was thankful for a brother like Bailey.Not only does Bailey influence Maya to be herself and not to worry about the thoughts of others, but he also influences her to be a religious person and walk the path of rightousness. This is one of the reasons why Maya wants to become a person like Bailey because he gets into trouble and misbehaves but yet he prays aloud in church. In the text, Angelou describes that, Bailey could count on very few punishments for his consistently outragous misbehavior. He could even pray aloud in church and was apt at stealing pickles. This quote also explains how Maya seeks to become more like Bailey. She wishes to be more like Bailey because he is a pure soul to her and she is desperate for that purity in her life. As Bailey and Maya both begin to grow up and mature in their own ways, Maya begins to become independent. One of the key challenges that Maya has faced that has made her independent was with Daddy Bailey. Daddy Bailey became very drunk one night while they were in Mexico and Maya had no choice but to drive, even though this was her first time driving, both of them back home.This was the first time that Maya was actually in control without the divine service of Bailey. This is important towards Maya because she begins to slowly separate from Bailey. This is important towards Maya because she begins to realize that she doesnt need Bailey as help to her. She begins to realize that she doesnt need her big brother as a crutch anymore. In order for Maya to become independent, she needs to separate from Bailey. Their original relationship was holding her back.By the end of the book, Maya still looks up to Bailey for adv ice on her gestation period and Bailey still has that influence on Maya. As Bailey continues to grow up, he becomes wiser about his life and the choices he makes in them. He continues to be the big brother she has endlessly loved. The evolution of Bailey is important because it shows the contrast of independence and maturity between himself and Maya. The change in characterization of Bailey throughout the book influences Maya because when Maya and Bailey grow apart, Maya becomes more independent.

Analisis of Obamas victory speech Essay

Obamas Victory Speech Obamas Victory Speech has impressed the whole world. Obama concur used a can of techniques which make people in the USA believe in him and make them belief united. In this essay of Obamas victory speech, I will rationalise some of the techniques Obama uses and for what purpose. Besides that I will comment on all-important(a) and meaningful quotes. Obamas Victory Speech is separated in a multitude of small sections. After flnlshlng one secuon of his speech, he makes a long dramatic pause. That makes the speech very intimate.These dramatic pauses are used by almost any good peaker. Obamas manner of speaking Is very natural, he tells astir(predicate) experiences he give birth had, he shows a lot of gratitude, he speak with unimportance of a high degree and shows a very high amount of empathy for his people. An example of Obamas great humility is when Obama kind of praise Mitt Romney. We whitethorn have battled fiercely, but its only because we love this c ountry deeply and we care so strongly about Its future. I think it is very lower of Obama to show such recognition for Mitt Romney.He as well applies that he looks forward to work together with Mitt Romney, so by that tatement Obama want everybody to have a positive point of view at Mitt Romney. So he actually does Romney a favor. Obama made a great Job victorious the skeptics over. And that provides plenty of fodder for the cynics who tell us that polltlcs Is nothing more than a contest of egos or the domain of special interests It is very important for Obama to show that this Isnt about him Just wanting to win. Obama in truth wants to make a difference.He point out that the people under his lead, really fight hard to make certainly Obamas political ideas is going to be reality. Youll hear the etermination in the voice of a young field organizer whos working his way through college and wants to make sure every child has that same opportunity So by that quote the skeptics is going to have hard time arguing that Obama and other(a) politicians are just some egomaniacs. Obama is not just claiming what he want to do, he have already taken action. The auditory modality can almost feel the changes of a greater country within the speech.Obama also shows his great love for his one and only wife Michelle. Let me say this publicly Michelle, I have never loved you more. I have ever been prouder to watch the rest of America fall in love with you, too, as our nations send-off lady. He doesnt make this romantic declaration Just to show he Isnt afraid of showing Michelle how ofttimes he love her in apparent motion of the whole world, but he also shows that he appreciate the hard work she have put into the campaign. and also to show that everybody should recognize her as an important fgure for America.The first lady In the USA has a great responsibility, for being a kind of role model. The first lady is often volunteering in avow for poor areas for example. So by those words Obama really wants everybody In America to love her. But that doesnt mean your work is done In this quote Obama really make it personal for his listeners, by telling the audience that it is also your Job to make the USA a greater country. The frequent use of different pronouns Is one of the most conspicuous techniques Obama uses in his victory speech. Obama wants to draw you in to his speech.So he does not use the word I nearly as much as ne use mfou/youre/your and W Our Even though Obama mostly uses miou/youre/your and We/Us/Our he still nvolves himself in the speech, but he does it in a slightly more humble manner than just bragging about himself. That is a great way of making Obamas audience know that its not only about him but its mostly about you. In that way Obama makes the audience listen and care for what Obama is saying, and it also makes it more personal between Obama and the single listener, plus he doesnt separate the people who voted for himself with th e people who voted for Mitt Romney.

Computer Hardware Essay

I. LECTURE OVERVIEWFoundation C ane timepts breeding impact organisation Hardw be, reviews tr residues and developments in micro in inventation subroutineing dodging, midrange, and rudimentary impact whole reckoner system of rules of ruless staple fiber info processor system concepts and the major typecasts of technologies apply in computer peripheral catchs for estimator stimulant drug, siding, and immortalizey reckoner computer computer memory. calculating machine Systems Major types of estimator systems atomic number 18 summarized in Figure 13.2. A information affect system is a system of information processing components that bring to pass input, processing, output, shop, and swear functions. Its hardw ar components entangle input and output machinations, a central processing unit ( mainframe computer computer), and chief(a) and sulphurary retentivity crooks. The major functions and hardw be in a computer system atomic number 18 summ arized in Figure 13.9Microcomputer Systems Microcomputers be utilise as personal computers, meshing computers, personal digital go toants, good lockstations, and information appliances. Like close computer systems today, personal computers ar unite in a variety of telecommunications ne twainrks. This typic eithery includes local subject field networks, invitee/ waiter networks, intranets and extranets, and the meshwork. Other Computer Systems Midrange computers atomic number 18 increasingly utilize as goodish network servers, and for galore(postnominal) multi engager business concern information processing and scientific applications. mainframe computers be big and much than strengthful than most(prenominal) mid coat computers. They ar usually faster, have more w areho exploitation skill, and empennage meet more network affairrs and peripheral devices. They are intentional to excretele the information processing needs of turgid organizations with high volumes of exertion processing, or with complex computational problems. Supercomputers are a special category of exceedingly powerful mainframe computer systems designed for massive computational assignments.II. LEARNING OBJECTIVESLearning Objective come across the major types, trends, and uses of microcomputer, midrange and mainframe computer systems. Outline the major technologies and uses of computer peripherals for input, output, and storage. Identify and give examples of the components and functions of a computer system. Identify the computer systems and peripherals you would acquire or recommend for a business of your choice, and explain the reasons for your selections.III. LECTURE NOTES plane section 1 Computer Systems End User and Enterprise ComputingINTRODUCTIONAll computers are systems of input, processing, output, storage, and jibe components. Technology is evolving at a rapid pace, and new forms of input, output, processing, and storage devices continue to enter the market. Analyzing City of capital of Virginia and Tim Beaty BuildersWe arse learn a lot about innovative business uses of PDAs from this case. Take a some minutes to read it, and we will discuss it (See City of Richmond and Tim Beaty Builders in air division IX).TYPES OF figurer organizationS -Figure 13.2 in that location are several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) major categories of computer systems with a variety of characteristics and capabilities. Thus, computer systems are typically class as Mainframe computers Midrange computers MicrocomputersThese categories are attempts to report the relative computation power provided by different computing course of studys or types of computers therefore, they are not precise classifications. Some experts predict the merging or disappearance of several computer categories. They feel that more midrange and mainframe systems have been made obsolete by the power and versatility of client/server networks of microcomputer s and servers. Most recently, someindustry experts have predicted that the emergence of network computers and information appliances for applications on the profits and corporate intranets will replace many personal computers, especially in large organisations and in the legal residence computer market.MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEMSMicrocomputers are the lowlyest more over most important categories of computers systems for business people and consumers. They are similarly referred to as personal computers (or PCs). The computing power of current microcomputers exceeds that of the mainframe computers of previous generations at a split of their cost. They have become powerful-networked professional workstations for use by end users in business.Microcomputerscategorised by size1. Handheld2. Notebook3. Laptop4. Portable5. Desktop6. Floor-standingMicrocomputerscategorised by use1. Home2. ad hominem3. Professional4. Workstation5. Multi-user SystemsMicrocomputerscategorised by special purpo se1. Workstation Computers2. meshing Servers3. in-person Digital AssistantsWorkstation Computers some microcomputers are powerful workstationcomputers (technical work stations) that support applications with heavy mathematical computing and artistic production vaunting demands much(prenominal) as computeraided design (CAD) in engineering, or investment and portfolio analysis in the securities industry. Network Servers are usually more powerful microcomputers that co-ordinate telecommunications and resourcesharing in small local area networks (LANs), and Internet and intranet clearsites. This is the meteoric growing microcomputer application category.Network Computers Network Computers (NCs) are a major new microcomputer category designed primarily for use with the Internet and corporate intranets by clerical workers, operational employees, and association workers with specialised or limited computing applications.In-between NCs and full-featured PCs are pillageped-down P Cs known as NetPCs or legacy-free PCs. NetPCs are designed for the Internet and a limited range of applications within a company. Examples are dells networkpc, Compaqs IPaq, HPs e-PC, and eMachines e star.Network computers (also called thin clients) are low-cost, sealed, networked microcomputers with no or minimal harrow storage. Users of network computers depend primarily on Internet and intranet servers for their operating system and sack browser, Java-enabled application software, and selective information admission price and storage. Main attractions of network computers over full-featured PCs are their low cost to get Upgrade Maintenance SupportOther benefits to businesses include Ease of software distribution and licensing Computing platform standardisation Reduced end user support requirements Improved manageability through centralised focussing and enterprisewide control of computer network resources.Information AppliancesThe market is stretch forthing a number of gadg ets and information appliances that offer users the capability to perpetrate enable host of basic computational chores. Examples of some information appliances include Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) are designed for cheery mobile communications and computing. PDAs use touch screens, pen-based handwriting recognition, or keyboards to admirer mobile workers send and receive E-mail, access the Web, and exchange information such as appointments, ruction lists, and sales contacts with their desktop PCs or wind vane servers. Set-top boxes and delineation-game consoles that connect to home TV sets. These devices enable you to surf the Web or send and receive E-mail and watch TV programs or play motion picture games at the same clock time. Wireless(prenominal) PDAs and cellular and PCS phones and wired telephone-based appliances that fr 8er send and receive E-mail and access the Web.Computer TerminalsComputer terminals are undergoing a major conversion to networked computer de vices. For example Dumb terminals are keyboard/ moving-picture show monitor devices with limited processing capabilities, to intelligent terminals, which are modified networked PCs, network computers or early(a) microcomputer-powered network devices. Intelligent terminals wad make info entry and some information processing tasks independently. Networked terminals which may be Windows terminals that are dependent on network servers for Windows software, processing power, and storage, or Internet terminals, which depend on Internet or intranet entanglementsite servers for their operating systems and application software. Transaction terminals are a form of intelligent terminal. Uses can be found in banks retail stores, factories, and other work sites. Examples are ATMs, factory production bring downers, and POS terminals.MIDRANGE COMPUTER SYSTEMSMidrange computers, including minicomputers and high-end network servers, aremulti-user systems that canmanage networks of PCs and t erminals. roughageistics of midrange computers include Generally, midrange computers are general-purpose computers that are larger and more powerful than most microcomputers but are small and less powerful than most large mainframes. hail less to buy, ply, and maintain than mainframe computers. Have become popular as powerful network servers to help manage large Internet websites, corporate intranets and extranets, and client/server networks. Electronic commerce and other business uses of the Internet are popular high-end server applications, as are integrated enterprisewide manufacturing, distribution, and pecuniary applications. information storage warehouse management, entropy exploit, and online analytical processing are contributing to the harvesting of high-end servers and other midrange systems. First became popular as minicomputers for scientific research, instrumentation systems, engineering analysis, and industrial process monitoring and control. Minicomputers c ould easily handle such uses because these applications are narrow in scope and do not demand the processing versatility of mainframe systems. Serve as industrial process-control and manufacturing plant computers and they play a major role in computeraided manufacturing (CAM). Take the form of powerful technical workstations for computer-aided design (CAD) and other computation and graphics-intensive applications. Are utilize as front-end computers to assist mainframe computers in telecommunications processing and network management. Can function in ordinary operating env atomic number 26ments (do not need stemma conditioning or electric wiring). down in the mouther models of minicomputers do not need a staff of specialists to operate them.MIDRANGE COMPUTER APPLICATIONSServe as industrial process-control and manufacturing plant computers. Play a major role in computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).Serve as powerful technical workstations for computer-aided design (CAD) and other com putation and graphics-intensive applicationsServe as front-end computers to assist mainframe computers in telecommunications processing and network management.Midrange Computer as Network Server Electronic commerce and other business uses of the Internet are popular high-end server applications, as are integrated enterprisewide manufacturing, distribution, and financial applications. Other applications, like data warehouse management, data mining, and online analytical processing are contributing to the growth of high-end servers and other midrange systems. Serve as powerful network servers to help manage large Internet web sites, corporate Intranets and extranets, and client/server networksMAINFRAME COMPUTER SYSTEMSMainframe computers are large, fast, and powerful computer systems. Characteristics of mainframe computers include They are physically larger and more powerful than micros and minis. Can process hundreds of millions of book of instructions per entropy (MIPS). Have larg e essential storage capacities. Main retentivity mental ability can range from hundreds of megabytes to many gigabytes of primary storage. Mainframes have slimmed down drastically in the last few years, dramatically reducing air-conditioning needs, electronic power consumption, and floor space requirements, and thus their acquisition and operating costs. Sales of mainframes have increased referable to cost reductions and the increasein applications such as data mining and warehousing, decision support, and electronic commerce.Mainframe Computer Applications Handle the information processing needs of major corporations and government agencies with many employees and customers. Handle grand and complex computational problems. Used in organisations processing great volumes of transactions. Handle great volumes of complex calculations knobbed in scientific and engineering analyses and simulations of complex design projects. Serve as superservers for the large client/server networks and high-volume Internet web sites of large companies. Are becoming a popular business-computing platform for data mining and warehousing, and electronic commerce applications.Supercomputer SystemsThe term supercomputer describes a category of extremely powerful computer systems specifically designed for scientific, engineering, and business applications requiring extremely high-speeds for massive numeric computations.Supercomputer Applications Used by government research agencies, large universities, and major corporations. Are used for applications such as global weather forecasting, military defence systems, computational cosmology and astronomy, microprocessor research and design, large scale data mining, large time-sharing networks, and so on. Use gibe processing architectures of link microprocessors (which can execute many instructions at the same time in parallel). Can perform arithmetic calculations at speeds of billions of floating-point operations per second (gigaflops ). Teraflop (1 trillion floating-point operations per second) supercomputers, which use go massively parallelprocessing (MPP) designs of thousands of inter attached microprocessors, are becoming available. Purchase price for large supercomputers are in the $5 million to $50 million range.Mini-supercomputersThe use of symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) and distributed shared shop (DSM) designs of smaller numbers of interconnected microprocessors has spawned a breed of mini-supercomputer with prices that start in the hundreds of thousands of dollars.TECHNICAL NOTE THE COMPUTER SYSTEM CONCEPTS Figure 13.9As a business professional, you do not need a detailed technical familiarity of computers. However, you do need to understand some basic facts and concepts about computer systems. This should help you be an cognizant and productive user of computer system resources.A computer is a system, an interrelated combination of components that perform the basic system functions of input, pro cessing, output, storage, and control, thus providing end users with a powerful information-processing tool. Understanding the computer as a computer system is vital to the effective use and management of computers. A computer is a system of ironware devices organised according to the following system functions Input. Examples of some input devices of a computer system include1. Keyboards2. Touch Screens3. Light Pens4. Electronic Mice4. Optical Scanners5. Voice InputThey transform data into electronic machine-readable form for account entry or through a telecommunications network into a computer system.Processing. The central processing unit (CPU) is the main processing component of a computer system. (In microcomputers, it is the main microprocessor). adept of the CPUs major components is the arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) that performs the arithmetic and logic functions required in computer processing. Components of the CPU include1. Control Unit 2. Arithmetic-Logic Unit 3. Prima ry Storage UnitOutput. Convert electronic information establishd by the computer system into human-intelligible form for presentation to end-users.Examples of output devices include1. depiction Display Units 2. Audio receipt Units 3. PrintersStorage. The storage function of a computer system is used to store data and program instructions needed for processing.Storage devices include1. Primary Storage Unit (main memory)2. Secondary Storage Devices ( magnetized dish aerial and enter units, optical books)Control. The control unit of a CPU interprets computer program instructions and transmits missions to the other components of the computer system.Computer Processing SpeedsOperating speeds of computers are measured in a number of centerings. For example Milliseconds Thousands of a second.Microseconds Millionths of a second.Nanoseconds Billionth of a secondPicosecond Trillionth of a secondOther terminology used includesTeraflop used by some supercomputersMIPS Million instr uctions per secondMegahertz (MHz) Millions of cycles per secondGigahertz (GHz) Billions of cycles per secondClock Speed used to rate microprocessors by the speed of their timing circuits and upcountry clock.Section II Computer Peripherals Input, Output, and Storage TechnologiesINTRODUCTIONA computer is just a high-voltage processing box without peripherals. Your personal computing needs will dictate the components you choose for our particular computing needs. Analyzing United Technologies and Eastman KodakWe can learn a lot about the business value of consolidating computer operations and systems from this case. Take a few minutes to read it, and we will discuss it (See United Technologies and Eastman Kodak in Section IX).PERIPHERALSPeripherals are the generic name for all input, output, and inessential storage devices that are part of a computer system. Peripherals depend on direct connections or telecommunications links to the central processing unit of acomputer system. Th us, all peripherals are online devices, that is, separate from, but can be electronically connected to and controlled by, a CPU. This is the diametral of off-line devices, which are separate from and not under the control of the CPU.INPUT TECHNOLOGYThere has been a major trend toward the increased use of input technologies that provide a more natural user interface for computer users. More and more data and commands are being entered directly and easily into computer systems through pointing devices like electronic mice and touch pads, and technologies like optical scanning, handwriting recognition, and voice recognition.POINTING DEVICESKeyboards are as yet the most widely used devices for entering data and text into computer systems. However, pointing devices are a pause alternative for issuing commands, making choices, and responding to prompts debunked on your painting screen. They work with your operating systems vivid user interface (GUI), which presents you with icons, m enus, windows, buttons, blocks, and so on, for your selection. Examples of pointing devices include Electronic Mouse A device used to spark off the pointer on the screen, as well as to issue commands and make icon and menu selections. Trackball A device used to move the cursor on the display screen.Pointing Stick A small sequined device, sometimes likened to the eraser head of a pencil. The cursor moves in the direction of the pressure you place on the dawn point. Touchpad A small rectangular touch-sensitive surface usually placed below the keyboard. The cursor moves in the direction your finger moves on the pad.Touch Screens A device that accepts data input by the placement of a finger on or close to the cathode-ray tube screen.PEN-BASED COMPUTINGPen-based computing technologies are being used in many hand-held computers and personal digital assistants. These small PCs and PDAs contain fast processors and software that recognises and digitises handwriting, hand printing, and hand drawing. They have a pressure-sensitive layer like a graphics pad under their slatelike molten quartz glass display (LCD) screen.A variety of penlike devices are availableDigitizer Pen A photoelectronic device that can be used as a pointing device, or used to draw or save up on a pressure-sensitive surface of a graphics tablet.Graphics Tablet A device that go outs an end user to draw or write on a pressure-sensitive tablet and has their handwriting or graphics digitised by the computer and accepted as input.SPEECH RECOGNITION SYSTEMSSpeech recognition and voice rejoinder (in their infancy) promise to be the easiest method of data entry, word processing, and conversational computing, since pitch is the easiest, most natural intend of human communication.Speech recognition systems analyse and classify speech or vocal tract patterns and convert them into digital codes for entry into a computer system. Early voice recognition products used discrete speech recognition, where you had to pause between all(prenominal) spoken word. New continuous speech recognition (CSR) software recognises controlled, conversationally paced speech. Examples of continuous speech recognition software include NaturallySpeaking by Dragon Systems ViaVoice by IBM VoiceXpress by Lernout & Hauspie FreeSpeech by PhilipsAreas where speech recognition systems are used include Manufacturers use it for inspection, inventory, and quality control Airlines and parcel obstetrical delivery companies use it for voice-directed sorting of baggage and parcels Voice activated GPS systems are being used in advanced car design Physicians use it to enter and printout prescriptions Gemmologists use it to free up their hands when inspecting and grading unique stones Handicapped individuals use voice-enabled software to operate their computers, e-mail, and surf the World Wide Web.Speaker-independent voice recognition systems allow a computer to understand a few words from a voice it has neve r comprehend before. They enable computers to respond to verbal and touch-tone input over the telephone.Examples include Computerized telephone call switching telemarketing surveys Bank pay-by-phone bill-paying services Stock quotations services University registration systems Customer impute and account balance inquiries ocular SCANNINGOptical scanning devices read text or graphics and convert them into digital input for a computer. Optical scanning enables the direct entry of data from source documents into a computer system. prevalent uses of optical scanning include Scanning rapscallions of text and graphics into your computer for desktop publishing and web publishing applications. Scan documents into your system and organize them into folders as part of a document management library system for easy reference or retrieval.There are many types of optical scanners, but they all employ photoelectric devices to scan the characters being read. Reflected light patterns of thedata are converted into electronic impulses that are then accepted as input into the computer system.Optical scanning technology known as optical character recognition (OCR) can read special-purpose characters and codes. OCR scanners are used to read characters and codes on trade tagsProduct labelsCredit card receiptsUtility billsInsurance premiumsAirline ticketsSort mail check off testsProcess business and government formsDevices such as handheld optical scanning wands are used to read OCR coding on merchandise tags and other media. Many business applications involve reading bar code, a code that utilises bars to represent characters. One common example is the Universal Produce label (UPC) bar coding that you see on packages of food items and many other products.OTHER INPUT TECHNOLOGIEScharismatic stripe technology is a familiar form of data entry that helps computers read credit cards. The non-white magnetized stripe on the back of such cards is the same iron oxide coating as on ma gnetic put down. Smart cards that embed a microprocessor chip and several kilobytes of memory into debit, credit, and other cards are popular in Europe, and becoming available in the United States. Digital cameras and digital motion picture cameras enable you to shoot, store, and download slake photos or full motion video with audio into your PC. magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) is machine recognition of characters printed with magnetic ink. Primarily used for check processing by the banking industry.OUTPUT TECHNOLOGIESComputers provide information in a variety of forms. pic displays and printed documents have been, and salve are, the most common forms of output from computer systems. But other natural and attr nimble output technologies such as voice response systems and multimedia system output are increasingly found along with video displays in business applications.VIDEO OUTPUT tv displays are the most common type of computer output. Most desktop computers affirm on video monitors that use cathode ray tube (CRT) technology. Usually, the clarity of the video display depends on the type of video monitor you use and the graphics circuit board installed in your computer. A high-resolution, flicker-free monitor is especially important if you spend a lot of time viewing multimedia on CDs or the Web, or complex graphical displays of many software packages.The biggest use of liquid crystal displays (LCDs) is to provide a visual display capability for portable microcomputers and PDAs. LCD displays need significantly less electric current and provide a thin, flat display.Advances in technology such as active matrix and dual scan capabilities have changed the color and clarity of LCD displays.PRINTED OUTPUT aft(prenominal) video displays, printed output is the most common form of output displays. Most personal computer systems rely on inkjet or laser printers to produce permanent (hard copy) output in high-quality printed form. Printed output is stil l a common form of business communications, and is frequently required for legal documentation. Inkjet printers Spray ink onto a page one line at a time. They are popular, low-cost printers for microcomputer systems. They are quiet, produce several pages per minute of high-quality output, and can print both black-and-white and high-quality illusion graphics.Laser Printers Use an electrostatic process similar to a photocopying machine to produce many pages per minute of high-quality black-and-white output. More expensive colour laser printers and multifunction inkjet and laser models that print, fax, scan, and copy are other popular choices for business offices.STORAGE TRADE-OFFSselective information and information need to be stored after input, during processing, and before output. Computer-based information systems rely primarily on the memory circuits and secondary storage devices of computer systems to accomplish the storage function.Major trends in primary and secondary sto rage methods progress in very-large scale integration (VLSI), which packs millions of memory circuit elements on tiny semiconductor unit unit unit memory chips, are responsible for continuing increases in the main-memory capacity of computers. Secondary storage capacities are also judge to step to the fore into the billions and trillions of characters, due primarily to the use of opticalmedia.Storage Trade-offs Speed, capacity, and cost relationships. Note the cost/speed/capacity trade-offs as one moves from semiconductor memories to magnetic media, such as magnetic dish aerials and tapes, to optical turns. High-speed storage media cost more per byte and provide get capacities. Large capacity storage media cost less per byte but are slower Semiconductor memories are used mainly for primary storage, though they are sometimes used as high-speed secondary storage devices. magnetised book and tape and optical disk devices are used as secondary storage devices to greatly enlarge t he storage capacity of computer systems. Most primary storage circuits use RAM (random access memory) chips, which lose their contents when electrical power is interrupted Secondary storage devices provide a more permanent type of storage media for storage of data and programs.Computer Storage Fundamentals Figure 13.20Data is processed and stored in a computer system through the presence or absence of electronic or magnetic signals in the computers circuitry in the media it uses. This is called a two-state or binary star representation of data, since the computer and media can exhibit solitary(prenominal) two possible states or conditions ON (1) or OFF (0).Computer storage elements collation is the smallest element of data, (binary digit) which can have a value of zero or one. The capacity ofmemory chips is usually expressed in terms of bits.Byte is the basic grouping of bits that the computer operates as a single unit. It typically consists of 8 bits and is used to represent one character of data in most computer coding schemes (e.g. 8 bits = 1 byte). The capacityof a computers memory and secondary storage devices is usually expressed in terms of bytes. ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)EBCDIC (Extended binary star Coded Decimal Interchange Code) Pronounced EB SEE cocksuckerStorage capacities are frequently measured inKilobyte= 1,000 bytesMegabyte= 1,000,000 bytesGigabyte= 1,000,000,000 bytes tebibyte= 1,000,000,000,000 bytespetabyte= 1,000,000,000,000,000 bytesExabyte= 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytesZettabyte= 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytesYottabyte= 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytesDirect and Sequential Access Direct Access Primary storage media such as semiconductor memory chips are called direct access or random access memories (RAM). magnetized disk devices are frequently called direct access storage devices (DASDs).The terms direct access and random access describe the same concept. They mean that an element of data or instructions can be directly stored and retrieved by selecting and using any of the locations on the storage media. They also mean that apiece storage spatial relation (1) has a unique address and (2) can be individually accessed in approximately the same length of time without having to search through other storage positions.Sequential Access ordered access storage media such as magnetic tape do not have unique storage addresses that can be directly addressed. Instead, data must be stored and retrieved using a sequential or serial process. Data are recorded one after another in a predetermined sequence on a storage speciality. Locating an individual item of data requires searching much of the recorded data on the tape until the desired item is located.SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORYThe primary storage (main memory) on most modern computers consists of microelectronic semiconductor memory circuits. Plug-in memory circuit boards containing 32 megabytes or more of memory chips ca n be added to your PC to increase its memory capacity. Specialized memory can help improve your computers cognitive operation. Examples include outdoor(a) cache memory of 512 kilobytes to help your microprocessor work faster Video graphics accelerator cards with 16 megabytes of RAM are used for faster and clearer video performance removable credit-card-size and smaller flash memory RAM cards provide several megabytes of erasable direct access storage for PDAs or hand-held PCs.Some of the major attractions of semiconductor memory are gauzy size Fast speed Shock and temperature resistanceOne major disadvantage of most semiconductor memory is Volatility Uninterrupted electric power must be supplied or the contents of memory will be lost (except withread only memory, which is permanent).There are two basic types of semiconductor memory Random Access keeping (RAM) these memory chips are the most widely used primary storage medium. Each memory position can be both read and written, so it is also called read/write memory. This is a erratic memory.Read Only Memory (read-only memory) Non-volatile random access memory chips are used for permanent storage. ROM can be read but not erased or overwritten. Instructions and programs in primary storage can be permanently burned into the storage cells during manufacturing. This permanent software is also called firmware. Variations include PROM (programmable read only memory) and EPROM (erasable programmable read only memory), which can be permanently or temporarily programmed after manufacture.MAGNETIC DISK STORAGEThese are the most common forms of secondary storage for modern computer systems. Thats because they provide fast access and high storage capacities at a reasonable cost. Characteristics of magnetic disks dish lawsuits contain alloy disks that are coated on both sides with an iron oxide recording material. Several disks are mounted together on a vertical shaft, which typically rotates the disks are speeds of 3,600 to 7,600 revolutions per minute (rpm) Access arms between the slightly detached disks to read and write data on concentric, circular tracks position electromagnetic read/write heads. Data are recorded on tracks in the form of tiny magnetized floating policy to form the binary digits of common computer codes. Thousands of bytes can be recorded on each track, and there are several hundred data tracks on each disk surface, which provides you with billions of storage positions for software and data. Types of magnetic dish antennasThere are several types of magnetic disk arrangements, including disk cartridges as well as fixed disk units. Removable disk devices are popular because they are transportable and can be used to store computer backup copies of your data off-line for convenience and security.Floppy harrows, or magnetic disks, consist of polyester film disks covered with an iron oxide compound. A single disk is mounted and rotates freely inside a protective flexibl e or hard ductile jacket, which has access openings to accommodate the read/write head of a disk knife thrust unit. The 3-1/2-inch floppy disk, with capacities of 1.44 megabytes, is the most widely used version, with a newer Superdisk technology offering 120 megabytes of storage. Hard dish antenna Drives combine magnetic disks, access arms, and read/write heads into a sealed module. This allows higher speeds, greater data-recording densities,and imminent tolerances within a sealed, more stable environment. Fixed or removable disk cartridge versions are available. Capacities of hard drives range from several hundred megabytes to many gigabytes of storage. burst StorageDisk arrays of interconnected microcomputer hard disk drives have replaced large-capacity mainframe disk drives to provide many gigabytes of online storage. Known as RAID (redundant arrays of independent disks), they combine from 6 to more than 100 small hard disk drives and their control microprocessors into a sing le unit. Advantages of RAID disks include Provide large capacities with high access speeds since data is accessed in parallel over multiple paths from many disks. Provide fault tolerant capability, since their redundant design offers multiple copies of data on several disks. If one disk fails, data can be recovered from backup copies mechanically stored on other disks. Storage area networks (SANs) are high-speed fibre channel local area networks that can interconnect many RAID units and share their combined capacity through network servers for many users.MAGNETIC TAPE STORAGEMagnetic Tape is still being used as a secondary storage medium in business applications. The read/write heads of magnetic tape drives record data in the form of magnetised spots on the iron oxide coating of the plastic tape. Magnetic tape devices include tape reels and cartridges in mainframes and midrange systems, and small cassettes or cartridges for PCs.These devices serve as slower, but lower cost, storage to supplement magnetic disks to meet massive data warehouse and other business storage requirements. Other major applications for magnetic tape include long-term archival storage and backup storage for PCs and other systems.OPTICAL DISK STORAGEOptical disk storage involves technology, which is based on using a laser toread tiny spots on a plastic disk. The disks are soon capable of storing billions of characters of information.CD-ROM A common type of optical disk used on microcomputers. They are used for read only storage. Storage is over 600 megabytes per disk. This is equivalent to over 400 1.44-megabyte floppy disks or 300,000 double-spaced pages of text. Data are recorded as microscopic pits in a spiral track, and are read using a laser device.Limitation Recorded data cannot be erasedCD-R (Compact disk recordable) is another optical disk technology. It enables computers with CD-R disk drive units to record their own data once on a CD, and then be able to read the data indefi nitely. Limitation Recorded data cannot be erasedCD-RW (CD-rewritable) optical disk systems have now become available which record and erase data by using a laser to heat a microscopic point on the disks surface. In CD-RW versions using magneto-optical technology, a magnetic coil changes the spots reflective properties from one direction to another, thus recording a binary one to zero. A laser device can then read the binary codes on the disk by sensing the direction of reflected light.DVD (Digital Video Disk or Digital Versatile Disk) can hold from 3.0 to 8.5 gigabytes of multimedia data on each side of a compact disk. The large capacities and high- quality images and sound of DVD technology are expected to eventually replace CD-ROM and CD-RW technologies for data storage, andpromise to accelerate the use of DVD drives for multimedia products that can be used in both computers and home merriment systems. DVD-ROM is beginning to replace magnetic tape videocassettes for movies and other multimedia products. DVD RAM is being used for backup and archival storage data and multimedia files.Business ApplicationsOne of the major uses of optical disks in mainframe and midrange systems is in image processing, where longterm archival storage of historical files of document images must be maintained. Mainframe and midrange computer versions of optical disks use 12-inch plastic disks with capacities of several gigabytes, with up to 20 disks held in jukebox drive units. WORM (Write Once, Read Many) versions of optical disks are used to store data on the disk. Although data can only be stored once, it can be read an infinite number of times.One of the major business uses of CD-ROM disks for personal computers is to provide a publishing medium for fast access to reference materials in a convenient, compact form. These include Catalogs Directories Manuals semestrial abstractsPart listingsStatistical databases of business activity and economic activity Interactive multime dia applications in business, education, and entertainment usingCD-ROM and DVD disks.Optical disks have become a popular storage medium for image processing and multimedia business applications and they appear to be a promising alternative to magnetic disks and tape for very large mass storage capabilities for enterprise computing systems. However, rewritable optical technologies are still being perfected. Also, most optical disk devices are significantly slower and more expensive (per byte of storage) than magnetic disk devices. So optical disk systems are not expected to displace magnetic disk technology in the near future for most business applications.IV. KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS DEFINEDBinary RepresentationPertaining to the presence or absence of electronic or magnetic signals in the computers circuitry or in the media it uses. There are only two possible states or conditions presence or absence. Central Processing Unit (CPU)The unit of a computer system that includes the circu its that controls the interpretation and execution of instructions. In many computer systems, the CPU includes the arithmetic-logic unit, the control unit, and primary storage unit.Computer SystemComputer hardware as a system of input, processing, output, storage, and control components. Thus a computer system consists of input and output devices, primary and secondary storage devices, the central processing unit, the control unit within the CPU, and other peripheral devices.Computer TerminalAny input/output device connected by telecommunications links to a computer.Digital CamerasDigital still cameras and digital video cameras enable you to shoot, store, and download still photos or full-motion video with audio in your PC.Direct AccessA method of storage where each storage position has a unique address and can be individually accessed in approximately the same uttermost of time without having to search through other storage positions. Information ApplianceDevices for consumers to access the Internet.Laptop ComputerA small portable PC.Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD)Electronic visual displays that form characters by applying an electrical charge to selected silicon crystals.Magnetic Disk StorageData storage technology that uses magnetised spots on metal or plastic disks. Magnetic Disk Storage Floppy DiskSmall phonograph record enclosed in a protective envelope. It is a widely used form of magnetic disk media that provides a direct access storage capability for microcomputer systems. Magnetic Disk Storage Hard DiskSecondary storage medium generally nonremovable disks made out of metal and covered with a magneticrecording surface. It holds data in the form of magnetised spots.Magnetic Disk Storage RAIDRedundant array of independent disks. Magnetic disk units that house many interconnected microcomputer hard disk drives, thus providing large, fault tolerant storage capacities. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)The machine recognition of characters printed with magnetic ink. Primarily used for check processing by the banking industry.Magnetic StripeA magnetic stripe card is a plastic wallet-size card with a strip of magnetic tape on one surface widely used for credit/debit cards.Magnetic TapeA plastic tape with a magnetic surface on which data can be stored by selective magnetisation of portions of the surface.Mainframe ComputerA larger-size computer system, typically with a separate central processing unit, as distinguished from microcomputer and minicomputer systems.MicrocomputerA very small computer, ranging in size from a Computer on a chip to a small typewriter-size unit. MicroprocessorA semiconductor chip with circuitry for processing data.Midrange ComputerLarger and more powerful than most microcomputers but are smaller and less powerful than most large mainframe computer systems.MinicomputerA small electronic general-purpose computer.Network ComputerA new category of microcomputer designed mainly for use with the Internet and Intranets on tasks requiring limited or specialised applications and no or minimal disk storage. Network ServerA type of midrange computer used to co-ordinate telecommunications and resource sharing and manages large web sites, Intranets, extranets, and client/server networks.Network TerminalA terminal that depends on network servers for its software and processing power. Off-linePertaining to equipment or devices not under control of the central processing unit. OnlinePertaining to equipment or devices under control of the central processing unit. Optical Character Recognition (OCR)The machine identification of printed characters through the use of sensitive devices. Optical Disk StorageTechnology based on using a laser to read tiny spots on a plastic disk. The disks are currently capable of storing billions of characters of information.Optical Disk Storage CD-ROMAn optical disk technology for microcomputers featuring compact disks with a storage capacity of over 500 megabytes.O ptical Disk Storage CD-RCompact disk recordable (CD-R) enables computers with CD-R disk drive units to record their own data once on a CD, than be able to read the data indefinitely.Optical Disk Storage CD-RWCompact disk rewritable (CD-RW) enables computers with CD-RW disk drive units to record and erase data by using a laser to heat a microscopic point on the disks surface. Optical Disk Storage DVDDigital video disk or digital versatile disk (DVD) enables computers with DVD disk drive units to hold from 3.0 to 8.5 gigabytes of multimedia data on each side of a compact disk. Optical Disk Storage WORM DiskOptical disk that allows users to write once, read many times.Optical ScanningUsing a device (scanner) that scans characters or images and generates their digital representations. Pen-Based ComputingTablet-style microcomputers that recognise hand-writing and hand-drawing done by a pen-shaped device on their pressure sensitive display screens.Peripheral DevicesIn a computer syste m, any unit of equipment, distinct from the central processing unit, that provides the system with input, output, or storage capabilities.Personal Digital AssistantHandheld microcomputer devices, which are designed for convenient mobile communications and computing. Pointing DevicesDevices, which allow end users to issue commands or make choices by moving a cursor on the display, screen. Pointing Device Electronic MouseA small device that is electronically connected to a computer and is moved by hand on a flat surface in order to move the cursor on a video screen in the same direction. Buttons on the mouse allow users to issue commands and makeresponses or selections.Pointing Device Pointing StickA small buttonlike device sometimes likened to the eraser head of a pencil. The cursor moves in the direction of the pressure you place on the track point.Pointing Device TouchpadIs a small rectangular touch-sensitive surface usually placed below the keyboard. The cursor moves in the di rection your finger moves on the pad.Pointing Device TrackballA roller device set in a case used to move the cursor on a computers display screen. Primary StorageThe main (or internal) memory of a computer. Usually in the form of semiconductor storage. PrintersDevices that produce hard copy output such as paper documents or reports. Secondary StorageExternal or auxiliary storage device that supplements the primary storage of a computer.Semiconductor Memorymicroelectronic storage circuitry etched on tiny chips of silicon or other semiconducting material.Semiconductor Memory RAMAlso known as main memory or primary storage type of memory that temporarily holds data and instructions needed shortly by the CPU. RAM is a volatile type of storage. Semiconductor Memory ROMAlso known as firmware a memory chip that permanently stores instructions and data that are programmed during the chips manufacture. Three variations on the ROM chip are PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. ROM is a nonvolatile form of storage. Sequential AccessA sequential method of storing and retrieving data from a file.Smart CardsCards such as debit and credit cards, which have an embedded microprocessorchip and several kilobytes of memory.Speech RecognitionDirect conversion of spoken data into electronic form suitable for entry into a computer system. Promises to be the easiest, most natural way to communicate with computers.Storage Capacity ElementsUnits used for storage capacity and data bits, bytes, kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), terabytes (TB).Storage Capacity Elements BitA contraction of binary digit. It can have the value of either 0 or1. Storage Capacity Elements ByteA sequence of adjacent binary digits operated on as a unit and usually shorter than a computer word. In many computer systems, a byte is a grouping of eight bits that can represent one alphabetic or special character or can be packed with two decimal digits.Storage Capacity Elements Kilobyte (K or KB)When referring to computer storage capacity it is equivalent to 2 to the 10th power, or 1,014 in decimal notation.Storage Capacity Elements Megabyte (MB)One million bytes. More accurately, 2 to the 20th power, 1,048,576 in decimal notation.Storage Capacity Elements Gigabyte (GB)One billion bytes. More accurately, 2 to the 30th power, or 1,073,741,824 in decimal notation.Storage Capacity Elements Terabyte (TB)One trillion bytes. More accurately, 2 to the 40th power, or 1,009,511,627,776 in decimal notation.Storage Media Trade-offsThe trade-offs in cost, speed, and capacity of various storage media.SupercomputerA special category of large computer systems that are the most powerful available. They are designed to solve massive computational problems. m ElementsUnits used for measuring processing speeds milliseconds, microseconds, nanoseconds, and picoseconds.Time Elements MillisecondA thousandth of a second.Time Elements MicrosecondA millionth of a second.Time Elements NanosecondOne billionth of a second.Time Elements PicosecondOne trillionth of a second.Touch-Sensitive ScreenAn input device that accepts data input by the placement of a finger on or close to the CRT screen.Transaction TerminalsTerminals used in banks, retail stores, factories, and other work sites that are used to capture transaction data at their point of origin. Examples are point-of-sale (POS) terminals and automated teller machines (ATMs).Video OutputVideo displays are the most common type of computer output.VolatilityMemory (such as electronic semiconductor memory) that loses its contents when electrical power is interrupted. WandA handheld optical character recognition device used for data entry by many transaction terminals. WorkstationA computer terminal or micro- or minicomputer system designed to support the work of one person. Also, a highpowered computer to support the work of professionals in engineering, science, and other areas that require extensive computing power and graphics capabilit ies.V. DISCUSSION QUESTIONSDo you accede with the statement The network is the computer?What trends are occurring in the development and use of the major types of computer systems?Do you think that network computers (NCs) will replace personal computers (PCs) in business applications?Are networks of PCs and servers making mainframe computers obsolete?Whattrends are occurring in the development and use of peripheral devices? Why are those trends occurring?When would you recommend the use of each of the followingNetwork computersNetPCsNetwork terminalsInformation appliances in business applicationsWhat processor, memory, magnetic disk storage, and video display capabilities would you require for a personal computer that you would use for business purposes?What other peripheral devices and capabilities would you wishing to have for your business PC?