Projector Functions And Uses Computer Science Essay

objectifyor Functions And Uses Computer Science EssayA projector is to scupper images from calculating machine or laptop. The term radio is used to describe how the projector receives the predict. Presentation projector al managements having wire mess up here and on that point, this is where receiving set projector comes in. It solves the problem of wiring by transmitting withtaboo wire using wireless technology much(prenominal) as Blue in additionth, radio frequency and Wi-Fi. By eliminating wiring problem, it ordain renovate up the m of setting up with wire. This impart also allow multiple drug substance abusers to be connected to projector at a age to present their content from their laptop. installment of projector using wire is rattling costly because VGA cable is quite overpriced when it comes to using long length of wire. Currently there ar many events of projectors such as image projector, movie projector and etc. This project is ab extinct sending entr opy wirelessly using radio frequency from a sender to receiver. This project impart be using microcontroller that is connected to a PC. There will w be 2 circuit boards that micturate a microcontroller each.The transmitting board will be the place where process the data that come from a PC that is an analog token and it will be kept first in the remembrance that is a static ram. Then the data will pass through an en principler that will convert data information into a standard format or code and transmit by using radio frequency.For receiver board, data that is receive from radio frequency receiver will be decoded using decoder to plow the format to the original form of data information. Like at the transmitting board, data will be stored in memory first then solitary(prenominal) it will send to digital to analog conversion to convert it into analog form. Lastly the data will be send to a projector. As for this project, projector will be replaced to CRT monitor. This is becau se projector and monitor argon having the same VGA pin out connector. The VGA pin out connector is a DE15.AimThe aim for this project is to intention a device that will transmit signal from a laptop/desktop to a presentation projector through wirelessly.ObjectivesTo design a device that will interface to PC and a projector wirelessly.To research of RGB signaling and protocol.To research of various fictional characters of wireless of technology.To understand the functioning of the presentation projector.Product specificationSpecificationProjectMicrocontroller icon 18F4550 personnel Supply9V sign of Wirelessradio receiver absolute frequency ModuleWireSingle CoreWeight300 GramType of MemoryStatic Ram shelve 1 Product SpecificationCHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWMarketing surveyLindy Projector Server1CDocuments and SettingsAdministratorDesktopprojector server.jpg examine 1.0 VGA Extender Projector Server1The wireless VGA extender projector server allow connection to a projector either b y using wire or wireless LAN. This is best application for PowerPoint and other presentation. Its wireless connection sup expression up to 100m. Do non pauperization to swap VGA cable between laptops. Presenter just have to connect their computers to server gateway point through wireless. It is very convenient. 1Panasonic2Panasonic PT-LB10NTU Projector compute 1.1 Panasonic PT-LB10NTU2It sup bearing for most wireless cards and it has a great quality image when is in presentation mode. It is very easy to setup and friendly user. The disadvantage of this projector is that it comes with only 1 case of connection cable that is VGA. The projector sess be connected up to 4 users at a time with broad support, fast and easy. 2Dell3CDocuments and SettingsAdministratorDesktopdell.jpg fig 1.2 Dell S300wi3It is very rare to find a projector that has a multimedia audio. It is a short-throw projector type that can be projected in a short distance. This product does non need to be calibrated before using. It is best to use in a small to medium size room. It has superstar wireless connector that is an embedded WiFi. 3Canon4Canon LV-8215 ProjectorFigure 1.3 Canon LV-82154This product has a few of advantages hotshot of them is audio quality. It is a multimedia projector that is why audio quality, image quality and resolution are its advantages. When it comes to such good features, there will always have a bad side that is its fan is noisy and also need maintenance once in a sequence. 4Casio5Casio XJ-S46 ProjectorFigure 1.4 Casio XJ-S465A DLP projector that uses a wireless adapter to connector between laptop and projector. It has a wireless adapter so that allow wireless connection. It is easy to carry to anywhere due to its well-situated weight. The projector has digital zoom feature. 5Overall Product Cost and SpecificationProduct nameLindyPanasonicDellCanonCasioTypeProjector serverliquid crystal display projectorDLP projectorLCD projectorDLP projectorSpecification-Com patible with all Windows but not Mac-Up to 4 laptops can be connected-Quick and easy setup-Wireless connection-Up to 4 laptops can be connected-Quick and easy to shut down and start up-For small to medium room-Wireless connection-Short-throw-Has an inter alert pen-Short-throw projector-HDMI input-Up to 4-1 split-screen-3D projection-High line of descent-Has DVI input-Blackboard mode-Soft carrying case-Very light weight-USB port-Soft carrying caseWeakness-Only VGA connection-Projection mode does not support wireless audio-Presenting speed and image quality-Overloaded and distorted at maximum volume-Very heavy-No digital zoom-Very heavy-No digital zoom-Low contrast-Uses high occasion consumptionCostRM1600.00RM602.00RM3000.00RM1673.90RM3526.60Comments-Not a projector but a server-Fast setup-Quite expensive-Fast setup-Quite cheap-Simultaneously project up to 4 different user screens-Very expensive-not good image quality-Very expensiveTable 2 Overall product cost and specification 1234 5ComponentD-Subminiature6D-Subminiature or can be called D-Sub is universal type of electrical connector used in computer. D-Sub has a lot of series that every series has different number of pins. There are DA-15, DB-25, DC-37, DD-50 and DE-9.6http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/DSubminiatures.svg/250px-DSubminiatures.svg.pngFigure 2.0 Different pivots Connector6TypeDA-15DB-25DC-37DD-50DE-9Pins152537509Table 2.1 Different type of D-subFrom the tabularise to a higher place, DB-25, DC-37 and DD-50 are not in consideration because laptop does not have this type of pin out. DE-9 has 9 pins and laptops do have the pin out but for monitor/projector, it only supports DA-15. Thats why for this project DA-15 will be used. DA-15 can be called DE-15 or also VGA connector is used because monitor and laptop both have pin in and pin out that support each other. 6Microcontroller7Microcontroller is a device with hidden powerful ability to do a lot of thing. Nowadays most of e lectronic device has microcontroller inside them because it is use to process task. Due to its low potential consumption and for its ability to run one specific program, it is usually chosen to use in project. The program generally is program by using a programmer and store in fixed storage ( use up-only memory). 7MicrocontrollerPIC 16F877aPIC 18F4550Basic StampI/O ports333516RAM368Bytes2048 Bytes32BytesFlash Program Memory8K16K2KCostRM21RM35RM70Table 2.2 Different type of microcontroller7From the table above, out of 3 comparisons basic stamp is the most not suitable for this project. This is because there are only a few I/O ports. It runs at a very slow speed and has small memory size.PIC 16F877a and PIC18F4550 is the 2 microcontroller can take into consideration.Memory8There are 2 types of memory which are volatile and non-volatile memory. Volatile memory is storage where when power is reach contents are erased. This is because of RAMs volatile nature that is why user must use h ard drive to keep their work as a permanent medium in order to avoid losing data. drachma and SRAM are both volatile memory that currently have in market. Device resembling computer ram is a volatile.Non-volatile memory is storage where when power is off the contents that is stored previously will still be there. Devices like hard drive and CMOS chip are example of non-volatile memory. Currently in market, ROM, Flash memory, FeRAM, MRAM and baby-walker that are non-volatile memory.MemoryVolatile MemoryNon-Volatile MemoryTypeDRAM, SRAMROM, Flash memory, FeRAM, MRAM, PRAMAdvantages-Mostly comes with a lifetime guarantee-Automatically store data-Data can be stored up to 10 years-Less costly-Data wont lost when power offDisadvantages-Data will lost when power off-Quite costly-User need to manually store dataTable 2.3 Comparison of memory type8As for this project after analysis, it is best to go for volatile memory because this project does not need to store memory and retrieve after power off. After analyze and decided to go for volatile memory, there are DRAM and SRAM to choose from. DRAM stands for dynamic random access memory and SRAM is static random access memory. In this project, SRAM is chosen because it does not need to keep refreshed over time which DRAM needs a constant refreshing. This I s because DRAM store its memory as charge leaks which information needs to be admit and written every few milliseconds.MemoryX28HC256PZ-15CY62256LL-70PXCAT29LV256-20JCTypeEEPROMSRAMFLASHMountingThrough holeThrough holeSurface mountDensity256k256k256k operate potential difference5V5V3.3VPin Count282832Number of Bits per Word8 point8bit8bitInterface TypeParallelParallelParallelManufacturerIntersil cypressAtmelTable 2.4 Comparison of memory care forable8From the table above, most of the specification above is nearly the same. Memory that is produce by Atmel is out of consideration because the operating potential drop is 3.3V that is not suitable for this project. T he mounting way is surface mount making this project not that suitable because there is no equipment to solder it onto PCB. This memory has too many pin count too which cannot be supported by PIC18F4550.Cypress and Intersil memory are the exact same specification but the memory that is used in this project is Cypress memory. This is because Intersil memory is EEPROM type. In this project, it does not need to store any data after power down so making SRAM is the best choice due to its nature.WirelessWireless is a transferring data method without using any wire over certain distance. some(prenominal) distance is just a short distance and some can goes up to very far away. Nowadays wireless is the most communication way for telecommunication method.There are a few ways of transmitting wirelessly such asInfrared(IR)Radio Frequency(RF)BluetoothWi-FiWireless TechnologyInfraredRadio FrequencyBluetoothDistanceShortVaryMediumLine of sightYesNoNoTable 2.5 Comparison of Different TechnologyTh ere are modules open for this technology. From table above, this project best technology fit to use is radio frequency.Modules that available in market areModulesTypeSecurityDistance securenessCommunication wayPriceIR moduleInfraredMediumShortSlow1 WayCheapRF moduleRadio frequencyMediumMediumMedium1WayMediumZigbeeRadio frequencyMediumMediumFast2WaysExpensiveTable 2.6 Comparing wireless modulesFrom the table above, this project will be using RF module. Zigbee has a faster speed than RF module but from price and communication aspect, it is quite expensive and this project does not need 2 ways communication. This project just needs to send data signal to the receiver only.CHAPTER 3 Methodology habitual Block DiagramMicrocontroller PIC 18F4550RF moduleMemoryLaptopVGA cableMonitorFigure 3.0 General Block DiagramFigure above showing the overall diagram of what this project has. Monitor will be device where it display whatever shown at the laptop. Before the display can be shown at monito r, the data signal need to pass through the output characterisation graphic array (VGA) connector that has 15 pins which can also be called DB15. Memory is to store the data signal so that the data can be kept and synchronize before going to transmitting device. This is to make indisputable the data is send correctly. There will be also radio frequency module which will help transmitting data signal through wirelessly.General Flow ChartStartRadio frequency moduledigital to Analog ConversionPICAnalog to digital Conversiondisplay at monitorGet Laptop signalFigure 3.1 General Flow ChartThe flow chart above is showing the way a laptop send its on screen image wirelessly to the receiver side which is a monitor. Laptop will constantly send image to microcontroller which will be kept in memory of its data to enable of synchronize when transmitting wirelessly. When it bewitchs 7500 bits then it will send to encoder to convert into a standard format or code and transmit by using radio fre quency.At the receiver side, it will constantly receive the data signal then keep in the memory. When it store up till 7500 bits, microcontroller will automatically synchronize into a code and send to monitor to display.Project Signal OverviewdigitalDigitalDigitalDigitalDigitalDigitalR, G, B, HSync, VSyncAnalog/DigitalLaptopMicrocontrollerMemoryMicrocontrollerEncoderTransmitterMicrocontrollerDecoderMemoryMicrocontrollerMonitorReceiverDigitalDigitalDigitalAnalog/DigitalFigure 3.2 Signal OverviewBasically this figure above showing an overview of what type of signal when it reaches at certain hardware. There are 2 places where analog signal can only be detected which are from laptop to microcontroller and before it show the screen of laptop user. This is because signal that comes out from VGA port has red, thou, blue, Hsync, and Vsync. Hsync and Vsync are the only signal that runs at 5voltage which are transistor-transistor system of logic (TTL) signal. The color signals are analog. This signal will pass through analog to digital convertor which microcontroller itself has the function. From microcontroller to RF module, all the signals are in digital. Before display the laptop on screen display at receiver side, it will pass through digital to analog converter because monitor is uses VGA port which are analog.MicrocontrollerFigure 3.3 PIC 18F4550PIC 18F4550 is a low voltage and 40 pins microcontroller from Microchip. It is a cheesy high performance PIC which has two-speed oscillator start-up. It has 35 input and output ports and up to 13 ADC module. It has also 32kbytes flash program memory, SRAM of 2048bytes and EEPROM of 256bytes.Early few months ago, this project started out with PIC 16F877a. After some intensive of testing out to get output of image from PIC 16F877a, there is no image shown. Hence PIC 18F4550 become the next PIC to act as a microcontroller. This is because 16F877a with oscillator of 20 MHz, the speed of microcontroller couldnt match up wi th the speed of VGA cable signal. Now with this PIC 18F4550, oscillator of 40 MHz is used. In this project the port are use as follow port A (1-5) and Port B (0-7)This port A (1-5) and port B (0-7) connected to memorys address lines which are A0-A12.Port D (0-7)This Port D (0-7) is connected to memory data lines which are the I/O port.Port E (0-2)This Port E (0-2) is connected to memory control lines which are chip enable, pull through enable and output enable. All of this control lines are active low.Port C (4-5)This Port C (4-5) are vertical sync and horizontal sync.Port A (0)This Port A is the input of either red, verdure or blue pin from laptop. The color pin out from laptop is connected to A0 of this PIC is because pin A0 and pin A1 are the only pin available for analog to digital converter (ADC).VDDThis pin is connected to a voltage regulator which is LM 7805. This has to be connected to LM7805 to make sure the voltage does not go over 5V.VssThis pin surely has to be connect ed to ground if not the microcontroller will not work.OSC1 and OSC2It is connected to a 40MHz crystal. Without this crystal, this project will not work.Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC)Analog to digital conversion is a way to convert a signal from analog to digital so that the microcontroller can read the signal. After converting to digital, the signal will become either logic 1 or logic 0. standard on how to convert an analog signal input of 8 bitx 255 = Voltage value per stepExample RGB voltagex 255 = 35.7Then convert into binary35 = 00100011 (binary)Digital to Analog Conversion (DAC)CDocuments and SettingsAdministratorMy DocumentsMy PicturesIMG_0405.jpgFigure 3.4 Resistor LadderResistor ladder can be constructed by using a set of resistors of 2 values while another resistor double. For this project, resistor ladder is used as digital to analog conversion. Figure above is the fully constructed resistor ladder. It is a R/2R resistor network. This resistor ladder can increase its n umber of bits by adding more resistor network. To prove the ADC and DAC enactment match, here is the example of formula.Example on how to convert digital to analog of 8bit= Voltage value per stepStep x Voltage value per step = Analog output voltageSo from the formula above, now to prove the formula is correct by using previous analog result= 0.0196V36 x 0.0196 = 0.686V (approximate 0.7V)From the calculation, it is proven that the formula for ADC and DAC is correct.RGB TheoryVideoRGB and YCbCr are the typical digital signals. The typical order of decreasing goggle box quality isHDMI (Digital YCbCr)HDMI (Digital RGB)Analog YPbPrAnalog RGBAnalog S-VideoAnalog abstruseVideo is always considered as continuous picture motion but actually it is a sequence of still images due to rapid changing that it looks like nonstop picture motion. The typical video refresh rate is 50 or 60 time per second for consumer video and 70 to 90 times per second for computer.The vertical and horizontal sync information is usually transferred in one of three ways crystalize horizontal and vertical sync signals.Separate composite sync signal.Composite sync signal embedded within the video signal.Most CRT based displays are still interlaced while LCD, plasma and computer displays are progressive. Enhanced-definition video is usually defined as having 480 or 576 progressive active scan lines and is commonly called 480p and 576 respectively. Interlaced and enhanced-definition is progressive is standard-definition.Figure 3.5 Progressive displaysFigure 3.6 Interlaced displaysColor spacesA three dimensional, Cartesian coordinate system is use to represent redness, Green, Blue that are the three main(a) additive colors.Figure 3.7 The RGB color cubeThe figure above showing RGB values for 100% amplitude, 100% saturated color bars. It is use for common video test signal.Table 3.0 RGB color barsVideo Timing BackgroundEvery VGA connector consist of 5 main data signals which is needed to display a n image. The following are the 5 data signalsRedGreenBlueHorizontal sync good syncRed, green and blue signals is an analog type of signal. This signals carry pixel data in it. Horizontal and vertical sync is to provide information of timing for the monitor so those monitors display the pixel data correctly.Figure 3.8 Horizontal TimingThe figure above shows that the timing of the video data and horizontal data signal. The blanking interval means that there is no video data signal is been send. Every monitor will use horizontal blanking interval to check on horizontal sync pulse. There are 3 characteristics of horizontal pulseFront porchBack porchPulse widthFront porch is to check on the delay of initial edge and the end of video signal of sync pulse. Delay of the first piece of data and the final edge of signal of sync pulse for the next scanline is back porch. Pulse width is the degree of time that sync signal is asserted.Figure 3.9 Vertical TimingThe figure above is video frame wh ich also video data with vertical sync. Its fundamentally the same thing with horizontal except for vertical then is video frame.VGA connectorPin screamSignal DirectionDescription1RedRed data2GreenGreen data3BlueBlue data4ID2Monitor ID bit 25GNDGround6RGNDRed ground7GGNDGreen ground8BGNDBlue ground9Key.No pin10SGNDSync ground11ID0Monitor ID bit 012ID1Monitor ID bit 113HSyncHorizontal sync14VsyncVertical sync15ID3Monitor ID bit 3Table 3.1 Pin DescriptionOutput signal from laptopInput signal to laptopFigure above is showing the pin description and the direction of the signal is going.Encoder DecoderFigure 3.10 Encoder 2262 Figure 3.11 Decoder 2272-L6EncoderBelow is a table for encoder PTC 2262Pin NameI/ODescriptionA0A5IPin 0 to pin 5 is address. These pin is to encode and bit 0 to bit 5. Logic 0, logic 1 or floating is set by the pinA6/D5A11/D0IAddress pin or data pin is 7,8,12,13. Bit 6 to bit 11 is to determine the encoded waveform. It can be set as logic 0, logic 1, or floating. W hen data pins is used then only logic 1 or log 0TEITransmission Enable. Active low trigger. Encode when ground or plug outOSC1OOscillator Pin no.1( A resistor have to connected between OSC1 and OSC2 to determine the frequency)OSC2IOscillator Pin no.2DoutOData output pin. The encoded data is sent by consequent transmitting through this pin.VccVoltage supplyVssGroundTable 3.2 Encoder descriptionDecoderBelow is a table for decoder PTC 2272-L6Pin NameI/ODescriptionA0A5IPin 0 to pin 5 is address. These pin is to decode and bit 0 to bit 5. Logic 0, logic 1 or floating is set by the pinA6/D5A11/D0IAddress pin or data pin is 7,8,12,13. Bit 6 to bit 11 is to determine the decoded waveform. It can be set as logic 0, logic 1, or floating. When data pins is used then only logic 1 or log 0VTOTransmission receive. Active high trigger. When logic 1 means receiveOSC1OOscillator Pin no.1( A resistor have to connected between OSC1 and OSC2 to determine the frequency)OSC2IOscillator Pin no.2DoutOData output pin. The encoded data will be serially transmitted through this pin.VccVoltage supplyVssGroundTable 3.3 Decoder DescriptionEncoder is use to convert the data information into a standard format or code so that it is easier to send. This can allow the data information to be compress into a code word.Signal Resistor OscillatorResistors have to be connected to osc1 and osc2 pin at both encoder and decoder so that the resistor will set the oscillation. Below is the recommended resistor value for both encoder and decoderEncoder 2262Decoder 2272-L64.7M820k3.3M680k1.2M200kTable 3.4 Oscillator for encoder and decoderF =From this formula, the best suitable resistor value for fastest speed when transmit is 1.2M and 200k.Code wordA code word is consisting of 8 address, 4 data and 1 sync. This adds up into 13 bits.Figure 3.12 Code WordFigure 3.13 Address/data bit waveformThe figure above is showing address bit waveform that has been encoded.Radio Frequency Modulehttp//www.ananiahelectron ics.com/pcr1a.gif http//www.ananiahelectronics.com/fs100a.gifFigure 3.14 Receiver Figure 3.15 TransmitterThe radio frequency transmitter has 3 pins. From the figure above, the transmitter has 1 ground, 1 power supply pin and 1 data pin. Receiver has 1 ground, 1 power supply and 2 data pins. both transmitting and receiving device have to be the same frequency so that the signals data can be send n receive. Every wireless transmission, there will be encoding and decoding technique that is vary from every device. Encoding is to ensure that the information that will be send wirelessly is secure as in security and not disturb by other same device that has same frequency.Memory (RAM)Memory which can be separated into 2 types which are volatile and non-volatile memory. In chapter 2 already explain what is volatile and non-volatile. This project uses 2 memory which are 1 at transmitting and 1 at receiving.The following are the pin definitions for this memoryPin NumberTypeDescription1-10, 21 , 23-26InputA0-A14 are address inputs.11-13, 15-19Input/OutputI/O0-I/O7 are data lines. It is used as inputs and output lines depending on the operation.27Input/ControlWhen WE is selected to be low, a write is conducted. When high is selected, a read is conducted.20Input/ControlWhen CE is low, chip is selected. When high, chip is selected.22Input/ControlOutput enable. Controls the direction of the I/O pins. When low, the I/O pins behave as outputs. When deasserted high, I/O pins are three-stated and act as input data pins14GroundGround for device28Power SupplyPower supply for deviceTable 3.5 Memory DescriptionSoftware Flow ChartTransmitterStartCapture frame 8 timesWrite into memoryCapture 7500 bits?Transmit wirelesslyYesNoFigure 3.16 TransmitterFirst the laptop will send out bit of red, green and blue with the sync bit. This bit that is in analog will convert into digital once it reach inside microcontroller. Then the microcontroller will write the frames that is capture 8 times int o memory. It will check has it capture 7500 bits or not if not then the microcontroller will keep on capturing. After that once 7500 bits retain then microcontroller will read from memory and send through wirelessly at transmitting side.ReceiverChecking for wireless signalWrite into memoryReceive 7500 bits? pompousness at monitorEndYesNoFigure 3.17 ReceiverThe receiver will keep on checking for wirelessly signal. Once it obtains the signal then will write into the memory. The microcontroller will constantly check whether it has receive 7500 bits. Once it reach 7500 bits then the monitor will display image.CHAPTER 4 Analysis and TestingRGB Timing